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Ak`brktbry @bbe
Grnfky Ibvmc`mr 6to 08;; ;4:88 Cmmtnil
Furnil k ;4:88 cmmtnil wnto cy supmrvnsbr! Fr Pkdoma Ttu``niltbi! k prmancnikry sntm gbr tom prbjmdt wks
nivmstnlktmf) Vom prbpbsmf sntm! Gknrokc @rbbe! wks k ibrtowkrf gabwnil @rbbe! wnto k tbtka wktmrdbursmamilto bg just bvmr ?ec! vmry dabsm tb tom dbigaumidm wnto tom imkr`y Pnvmr Vrmit) Vom rmdmit dkikansktnbi bg
tom @rbbe oks fmdrmksmf bvmrkaa wnafangm vkaum! `ut nivmrtm`rktms okvm gaburnsomf) Vom `rbbe wks obcm tb k
wnfm vkrnmty bg nivmrtm`rktms wondo wnaa dbabinsm cy `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams) Vom lrkssakif wks rkie kif
rmpakdmf `y \naabw sdru`! `ut sbcm gabrk rmcknis nidaufnil frbpwbrt kif tbrcmitna) Tbcm krmks bg fry rmmf
`mf kasb mxnst wntoni tom `rbbe) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams amgt tomrm wmrm kasb uianemay tb `m fnstur`mf `y
kitorbpblmind kdtnvnty)
Gnlurm ; Fnlntka ckp onloanlotnil tom dbivninmit fnstkidm mtwmmi sntm kif Dangtbi Dkcpus
Vom prmancnikry sntm wks rbuloay 0ec kwky grbc Dangtbi dkcpus! wondo ckfm nt ablnstndkaay dbivminmit tb `rnil
skcpams tb kif grbc tom sntm tb tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Vom ckp `mabw /gnlurm ;. sobws tom dbivminmit
prbxncnty bg tom sntm tb Dangtbi dkcpus) Vom sntm wks onloanlotmf `y tom rmf rmdtkilam ni tom cnffam bg tom
ncklm kif Dangtbi dkcpus wks onloanlotmf `y tom brkilm rmdtkilam kt tom `bttbc bg tom ncklm) Vom sktmaantm
ncklm `mabw /gnlurm 0. zbbcs bi tom sntm onloanlotmf ni gnlurm ;! sobwnil tom abdktnbi ni cbrm fmtkna) Vom
krrbw amkfs tb k sckaamr ncklm wondo oks `mmi gurtomr miokidmf tb sobw tom gbbt`rnflm bvmr tom @rbbe)
Gnlurm 0 Dabsm up Tktmaantm ncklm bg sntm wnto zbbcmf ncklm bg gbbt`rnflm
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7/28/2019 Undergraduate Final Year Project - Laboratory Book excerpt
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Grnfky ;;to Ibvmc`mr 08;; 8>:48 Ak`brktbry
Vom kpprbprnktm rnse kssmsscmit gbrc wks gnaamf but `mgbrm pakiinil tom gnrst trnp tb tom sntm) N cmt cy
supmrvnsbr kt tom ak`brktbry kt 8>:48 kif wm lktomrmf kaa tom mqunpcmit immfmf gbr misurnil omkato kif
skgmty! skcpanil nivmrtm`rktms kif akynil prmancnikry su`strktm kt tom sntm)
Vb misurm pmrsbika omkato! skgmty kif dbcgbrt wonast kt tom sntm! pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit wks wbri)
Vonlo amilto wkfnil `bbts! abil ru``mr labvms kif gk`rnd labvms wmrm abkimf grbc Ibttnilokc Vrmit
]invmrsnty) Vom wkfnil `bbts kif abil ru``mr labvms prmvmitmf bur dabtoms lmttnil wmt! tous fmdrmksnil tom
rnse bg oypbtomrcnk grbc su`cmrsnbi) Vom gk`rnd labvms prbtmdtmf bur okifs grbc su`strktm furnil tom sur`mr
skcpanil) Vom suntk`am gbbtwmkr kif kpprbprnktm dabtonil wks wbri tb emmp us wkrc ni kiy wmktomr sdmikrnb!
nt kasb kaabwmf us tb skcpam mggndnmitay kt tom prmancnikry sntm) Cy supmrvnsbr kasb prbvnfmf kitn`kdtmrnka lma
usmf tb damki bur okifs kif gkdms kgtmrwkrfs! tb prmvmit dktdonil \mnas fnsmksm)
Gbr skcpanil tom nivmrtm`rktms! twb typms bg skcpanil cmtobf wmrm usmf kt Gknrokc @rbbe) Vom gnrst skcpanil
cmtobf wks Tur`mr skcpanil! gbr wondo = skcpams wmrm tkemi tb misurm tom rmamvkit krmk wks skcpamf! wondo
kaabwmf us tb kssmss tom fnvmrsnty bg ckdrbnivmrtm`rktms ni tom mitnrm @rbbe) Ks spmdnms rndoimss wks k emy pkrtbg tons prbjmdt! cuatn ok`ntkt skcpams wmrm tkemi) Vom smdbif cmtobf wks ende skcpanil! gbr wondo ; skcpam
wks tkemi kabil kpprbxncktmay k 68 cmtrm trkismdt) Vom 0cc sur`mr skcpanil imt /gnlurm 4 amgt.! 0cc ende
skcpanil imt /gnlurm 4 rnlot. kif pakstnd skcpam `kls wmrm prbvnfmf `y Ibttnilokc Vrmit ]invmrsnty)
Kgtmr cudo fman`mrktnbi! N fmdnfmf tom `mst `nbtnd su`strktm tb usm gbr tons prbjmdt wks pbre) Xbre okf k fnstnidt
kfvkitklm bvmr tom katmriktnvms sudo ks dondemi! `mmg kif akc` ks pnl gamso oks tom dabsmst `nbablndka
rmsmc`akidm tb oucki gamso) Ni tom prmancnikry mxpmrncmit! twb 688l lkccbi stmkes wmrm usmf ks `nbtnd
su`strktm) Vom twb dklms tom su`strktm wks pakdmf ni! tom 7 tmit pmls wondo kidobrmf tom dklms kif tom ckaamt
tb smdurm tom pmls ni wmrm prbvnfmf cy supmrvnsbr) Vom lkccbi stmkes wmrm dut nitb kpprbxncktmay ;88l
qukrtmrs kif ; stmke pakdmf ni mkdo dklm) /Tmm gnlurm 6).
Gnlurm 6 Ncklm sobwnil nbtnd su`strktm skcpams ni dklms
Gnlurm 4
Tur`mr skcpanil imt /amgt.! Ende skcpanil imt /rnlot.
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Grnfky ;;to Ibvmc`mr ;8:88 Gknrokc @rbbe
\m krrnvmf kt tom sntm kt ;8)88! puttnil bi tom prbtmdtnvm wkfnil `bbts kif abil ru``mr labvms wnto gk`rnd
labvms bvmr tom tbp! wondo ckfm nt mksnmr tb dkrry mqunpcmit nitb tom `rbbe) Nt wks k dabufy fky5 tom
tmcpmrkturm wks >D! wnto wnifs kt krbuif 08ec"po) \m cbvmf fbwi tom `kie nitb tom @rbbe! wondo okf
wmaa `mabw kvmrklm gabw gbr tokt tncm bg ymkr! vkrynil grbc kpprbxncktmay ;8cc kt nts sokaabwmst pbnits tbkpprbxncktmay
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7/28/2019 Undergraduate Final Year Project - Laboratory Book excerpt
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N_) Vom imt wks vnsukaay nispmdtmf! misurnil kaa nivmrtm`rktms okf `mmi dbaamdtmf grbc nt)_) Vons cmtobfbably wks rmpmktmf kt mkdo bg tom gnvm sntms)
Vom smdbif skcpanil cmtobf wks ende skcpanil) Vons wks fbim kabil k 68 cmtrm trkismdt bg tom @rbbe! bi
`bto snfms bg tom gbbt`rnflm) Vons trkismdt wks smamdtmf ks nt dbitknimf kaa bg tom fnggmrmit ok`ntkt typms
prmsmit) Tbcm bg tom trkismdt ende skcpamf kif tom fnrmdtnbi bg tom durrmit dki `m smmi ni gnlurm 7! tkemifbwistrmkc bg tom gbbt`rnflm)
Gnlurm 7 Ncklm tkemi gkdnil upstrmkc! sobwnil ende skcpanil trkismdt kif fnrmdtnbi bg durrmit
N) Vom 0cc ende skcpanil imt wks omaf vmrtndkaay kif pakdmf bi tom `mf bg tom @rbbe! tom gakt mflmrmstnil klknist tom `mf) Vons misurmf kaa fnstur`mf brlkinscs wmrm dkpturmf! sb fnvmrsnty"k`uifkidm
wks ibt uifmrmstncktmf)
NN) Vom imt wks pbsntnbimf fbwistrmkc! sb tom gabw bg tom wktmr dkrrnmf kaa tom cktmrnka kif `mitondnivmrtm`rktms fnstur`mf nitb tom dbaamdtnil imt)
NNN) Ttkifnil upstrmkc bg tom imt! tom `mitond su`strktm wks fnstur`mf `y endenil tom cktmrnka bi tom`mf tbwkrfs kif kwky grbc tom imt abilntufnikaay /wnto strmkc gabw.! kaabwnil tom fnsabflmf cktmrnka
tb `m dkrrnmf fbwistrmkc nitb tom imt)
NW) Vons wks fbim gbr k tbtka bg 4 cniutms! tobsm 4 cniutms fnvnfmf `mtwmmi fnggmrmit ok`ntkts kabil tomtrkismdt! sudo ks sokaabw lrkvmaay rnggams! sokaabw pm``amf wktmr kif fmmp! sabwmr cbvnil pbbas)
W) N cbvmf upstrmkc kabil tom trkismdt furnil tomsm 4 cniutms tb skcpam tom fnggmrmit ok`ntkts ni tom@rbbe! sudo ks sokaabw lrkvmaay rnggams! sokaabw pm``amf wktmr kif sabw fmmp pbbas) Vons misurmf tokt
tom guaa dbcpamcmit bg nivmrtm`rktms prmsmit kabil tom trkismdt wks rmprmsmitmf ni tom skcpam) Vom
tncm wks fnvnfmf up prbpbrtnbikaay tb tom ok`ntkt! gbr mxkcpam! ng k tonrf bg tom sntm wks ckfm up bg
lrkvmaay rnggams! k tonrf bg tom tncm /; cniutm. wks spmit endenil ni lrkvmaay rnggams)
WN) Vom `bttbc bg tom imt wks fnppmf nitb tom @rbbe k gmw tncms! lukrkitmmnil kaa tom cktmrnka wksdbaamdtmf kt tom `bttbc bg tom imt)
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WNN) Lrk``nil tom dbaamdtmf cktmrnka grbc tom butsnfm bg tom imt! kaa tom cktmrnka kif nivmrtm`rktms wmrmrmcbvmf grbc tom imt nitb tom ak`maamf pakstnd skcpam `kls)
WNNN) Vom imt wks vnsukaay nispmdtmf! misurnil kaa nivmrtm`rktms okf `mmi dbaamdtmf grbc nt)\m smamdtmf twb suntk`am spbts gbr tom twb prmancnikry `nbtnd su`strktm dklms) Vom sntms wmrm dobsmi gbr twb
ckni rmksbis) Vom gnrst wks tomnr fnsdrmtm abdktnbi! wondo rmfudmf tom rnse bg nitmrgmrmidm ks k rmsuat bgkitorbpblmind kdtnvnty) Vom smdbif rmksbi wks tom vkrnktnbi `mtwmmi tom twb sntms) Ks tons wks k prmancnikry
rui kt tom prbjmdt! twb dbitrkstnil sntms wmrm dobsmi) Tntm K okf k fmpto bg kpprbxncktmay ;88cc kif wks ni k
gkst gabwnil rnggam! Tntm @ wks fmmpmr wnto k fmpto bg kpprbxncktmay 688cc kif tom gabw wks sabwmr cbvnil)
Vons vkrnktnbi kaabwmf cm tb fmtmrcnim ng dmrtkni dbifntnbis wmrm cbrm gkvburk`am tb kttrkdtnil nivmrtm`rktms
toki btomrs)
Gnlurm
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Gnlurm >
Ncklm sobwnil nbtnd su`strktm skcpam kt Tntm @
Gnlurm > /k`bvm. sobws tom abdktnbi bg tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitkninil dklm kt sntm @! nt kasb sobws obw cudo
fmmpmr kif sabwmr cbvnil tom wktmr dbcpkrmf tb sntm K) /Tmm gnlurm ?). Vom dklm kt sntm @ wks kidobrmf ni
wnto tmit pmls! wondo wmrm klkni obbemf bitb tom dklm /onloanlotmf `y rmf squkrm gnlurm ;8. kif okccmrmf ni
wnto k ckaamt) Vom pmls wmrm ibt guaay nismrtmf obwmvmr! wondo amgt tom dklm rbuloay =8cc bgg tom `bttbc bg
tom @rbbe `mf) Ks tomsm wmrm prmancnikry su`strktm dklms! tom akde bg dbitkdt tons dklm okf wnto tom su`strktm
bi tom @rbbe `mf wks kibtomr kibckay wondo wks mxpmrncmitmf wnto tb smm wondo ynmafmf tom `mst rmsuats)
Gnlurm ;8 Dabsm up ncklm bg nbtnd su`strktm skcpam kt sntm @! zbbcnil ni bi kidobrnil pml
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460;.! wob kddbcpkinmf cm tb tom rnvmr gbr omkato kif
skgmty rmksbis) N kasb tbbe 0 damkr pakstnd skcpam `kls! wondo mkdo ;88l su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf ni)
Vumsfky 00if Ibvmc`mr 08;; ;4:48 Gknrokc @rbbe
\m krrnvmf kt Gknrokc @rbbe kt ;4)48 kif put bi kaa tom pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit) Vom tmcpmrkturm wks
;;D! wnto wnif spmmf kt krbuif ;8ec"po) Nt wks damkr! `ut tomrm okf `mmi sbcm anlot prmdnpntktnbi mkranmr ni
tom fky)
\m mitmrmf tom @rbbe! abbenil gbr cy su`strktm dklms kt tom twb sntms tomy okf `mmi kidobrmf kt) N usmf tom
ncklms tkemi kt cy prmvnbus vnsnt ks k lunfm! `ut dbuaf ibt abdktm tom dklms) \m spmit k gurtomr obur abbenil
`ut tb ib kvkna) \m amgt tom @rbbe! rmcbvmf kaa pmrsbika prbtmdtnvm mqunpcmit kif usmf kitn`kdtmrnka lma tb
damkism bur okifs kif gkdms) \m amgt tom sntm kt ;6)6=) N rmturimf kaa abkimf mqunpcmit tb tom ak`brktbry kif
nigbrcmf cy supmrvnsbr tokt tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm cnssnil)
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Grnfky >to Fmdmc`mr 08;; ;;:88 Cmmtnil
Kgtmr N tbaf cy supmrvnsbr k`but tom cnssnil su`strktm dklms! wm tombrnzmf tokt tomy cbst anemay wmit cnssnil
ks k rmsuat bg prmfktnbi grbc cnie br omrbi) \m fnsdussmf k pbtmitnka imw prbjmdt sntm! tom 0 pbifs abdktmf bi
Dangtbi dkcpus) Vom sntm wks cudo dabsmr tb tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry toki Gknrokc @rbbe! ckenil nt cbrm
ablnstndkaay dbivminmit) Vons dki `m smmi nignlurm ;; `mabw! tom rmf rmdtkilam onloanlotnil tom pbifs kif tombrkilm rmdtkilam tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Vomrm wks kasb amss rnse bg prmfktnbi grbc kinckas ks tom surgkdm
bg `bto pbifs bgtmi grbzm bvmr furnil tom wnitmr cbitos)
Gnlurm ;; Tktmaantm ncklm onloanlotnil tom dbivninmit fnstkidm mtwmmi tom pbifs kif tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry
Vom prb`k`nanty bg tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams `mnil wksomf kwky `y gkst gabwnil wktmr wks mancniktmf! ks
tom pbifs krm `bto amitnd wktmr `bfnms)Vom pbifs okf kasb `mmi skcpamf gbr nivmrtm`rktms `mgbrm kif wmrmgbuif tb okvm k nivmrtm`rktm dbccuinty prmsmit) Vom dbccuinty wks suggndnmit mibulo tb cmmt tom
rmqunrmcmits bg tom prbjmdt! tom dbabinsktnbi bg tom k`nbtnd su`strktm skcpams) Gnlurm ;0 `mabw sobwmf tom
dabsm prbxncnty bg `bto pbifs tb mkdo btomr) Vons wks ibt dbisnfmrmf k fnskfvkitklm ks `bto pbifs okvm
sanlotay fnggmrmit dbccuintnms wondo wbuaf knf dbcpkrnsbi) Ks k rmsuat bg tom ckiy kfvkitklms tom dkcpus
pbifs omaf bvmr Gknrokc @rbbe! wm klrmmf tb tom dokilm bg sntm)
Gnlurm ;0 Ak`maamf sktmaantm ncklm zbbcnil ni bi tom 0 pbifs kt Dangtbi Dkcpus
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Grnfky ;4to Jkiukry 08;0 ;;:48 Mckna Cmmtnil
Ki mxpmrncmitka fmsnli wks drmktmf gbr tom prbjmdt) Nt wks fmdnfmf tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm tb `m
pakdmf ni `bto pbifs! sb fnggmrmit dbccuintnms dbuaf `m dbaamdtmf kif sanlotay fnggmrmit ok`ntkt typms
dbcpkrmf) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam usmf wks pbre! dobsmi gbr tom skcm rmksbis ks womi nt wks prmvnbusay
usmf furnil prmancnikry tmsts kt Gknrokc @rbbe /smm pklm 0.) Vom `nbtnd su`strktm wks dut nitb kpprbxncktmay;88l pnmdms! kif = skcpam pnmdms pakdmf ni mkdo wnrm cmso dklm) Gbr nidrmksmf kddurkdy 7 rmpandktm wnrm cmso
dklms wmrm pakdmf ni mkdo pbif! mkdo dklm dbitkninil = kpprbxncktmay ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams)
Vom wnrm cmso dklms wmrm imdmsskry tb prmvmit tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams grbc gabktnil kif emmpnil tomc
su`cmrlmf furnil tom mitnrm prbjmdt) Mkdo wnrm dklm wks kidobrmf fnrmdtay bitb tom pbif su`strktm usnil twb
;88cc kaucninuc tmit pmls! misurnil mkdo dklm fnf ibt cbvm)
K ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf grbc mkdo dklm kt = dmrtkni nitmrvkas furnil tom prbjmdt furktnbi)
Vom nitmrvkas kt wondo ;88l `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams wmrm rmcbvmf nidaufmf: ; fky! ; wmme! 0 wmmes! 6 wmmes
kif 7 wmmes) Vomsm nitmrvkas wmrm smamdtmf ks tomy rmprmsmitmf vkrnbus stklms bg uifmrwktmr fmdbcpbsntnbi
kif sobwmf nivmrtm`rktm dbabinsktnbi kabil tomsm stklms! kaabwnil pkttmris bg pbssn`am suddmssnbi tb `mcbintbrmf)
Ki k`nbtnd dbitrba wks usmf! = k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni k wnrm cmso dklm! ; dklm
pakdmf ni mkdo pbif) Vom k`nbtnd su`strktm skcpams fnf ibt immf tb `m ni k dklm ks tomy suie! uianem tom `nbtnd
su`strktm skcpams wondo wbuaf okvm gabktmf kt dmrtkni furktnbis wntobut tom wnrm cmso dklms) Obwmvmr! tom
k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni wnrm cmso dklms gbr tom purpbsms bg dbitniunty) Vom k`nbtnd
su`strktm usmf wks `rmmzm `abde smdtnbis! rbuloay tom skcm snzm ks tom `nbtnd su`strktm skcpams gbr kddurkdy
kif dbitniunty) Vom k`nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams kaabwmf gbr dbabinsktnbi dbcpkrnsbi `mtwmmi k`nbtnd kif
`nbtnd skcpams)
K `nbtnd dbitrba wks kasb usmf5 `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm pakdmf ni mkdo pbif) Gnvm ;88l `nbtnd
su`strktm dbitrba skcpam wmrm pakdmf ni k wnrm cmso dklm ni tom skcm abdktnbi ks tom btomr `nbtnd kif k`nbtnd
su`strktm skcpams) Kgtmr tom smdbif `nbtnd su`strktm skcpam wks dbaamdtmf grbc mkdo dklm kt tom smdbif
nitmrvka! tom dklms dbitkninil tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm dbcpamtmay obusmf wntoni k 0cc toni
cmso dklm) Vom rmckninil `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams wmrm rmcbvmf kt tom skcm nitmrvkas ks tom `nbtnd
su`strktm skcpams)
Vom purpbsm bg tons smdbif dklm wks tb stbp nivmrtm`rktms pkssnil torbulo nt kif dbabinsnil tom `nbtnd
su`strktm kgtmr tom wmme nitmrvka) Vons `abdemf tom vmrtndka dbabinsktnbi pktowkys /vnk tom pbif su`strktm. kif
`abdemf tom aktmrka dbabinsktnbi pktowkys /vnk tom wktmr.! tous stbppnil nivmrtm`rktm dbabinsktnbi dokilnil
kgtmr tom wmme nitmrvka kif prmvmitnil suddmssnbi upbi tom `nbtnd su`strktm dbitrba skcpams) Vom `nbtnd
su`strktm dbitrba skcpams kaabwmf gbr nivmrtm`rktm dbcpkrnsbi `mtwmmi tom dbitrba `nbtnd skcpams kif tomibi#dbitrba `nbtnd skcpams)
Bidm dbaamdtmf! kaa rmamvkit su`strktm skcpams wmrm prbdmssmf kt tom bi dkcpus ak`brktbry) Gurtomr fmtknas bi
tom dbaamdtnbi kif prbdmssnil cmtobfs dki `m gbuif aktmr ni tons ak`brktbry `bbe)