![Page 1: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory courseBlain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community College, Department of Chemistry, Independence, KS
Nurali Mamedov, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
Gulhumay Gardashova, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
Allamyrat Tuyliyev, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
John Amend, Ph.D., President MicroLab, Inc., Bozeman, MT
![Page 2: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AbstractThe laboratory portion of every chemistry course is vital in student development of chemical concepts. Many of the experiments produce hazardous waste, requiring expensive disposal methods. These waste products can contaminate the food and waters supply and has led to a movement to develop experiments that are inexpensive and more environmentally friendly. Using equipment from MicroLab, located in Bozeman, MT, we have developed two experiments for our chemistry laboratory course. One of these involves the electrochemical series and the Nernst Equation, the other quantitative measurement using sodium as an internal standard in atomic emission spectrophotometry.
![Page 3: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Flame TestConduct Flame Test experiment to identify unknown cations in solution.
Students identify the unknowns by matching the flame color.
Students typically get Li+ and Sr2+ ions mixed up because of the similarity in color
![Page 4: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Atomic Emission SpectraConduct Flame Test experiment using Visible Spectrometer to differentiate ions of similar color like Li+ and Sr2+.
![Page 5: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atomic Emission SpectraPreviously gas discharge tube with handheld spectrometer used to visualize atomic emission spectra when discussing the electronic structure of the atom.
Difficult to use and calibrate. Could not easily be used to determine unknowns.
Could not record atomic emission spectra for further analysis.
![Page 6: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer with the fiber optic cable adapter allows students the ability to visualize real emission spectra.
Using a point and shoot camera or cell phone camera, students can record the spectra.
The fiber optic cable adapter allows students to prepare a calibration graph to identify emission lines from unknown samples.
Atomic Emission Spectra
![Page 7: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
![Page 8: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
![Page 9: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
![Page 10: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer:Hydrogen Lamp (known)-Mercury Lamp
![Page 11: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer:Hydrogen Lamp (known)-Helium Lamp
![Page 12: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Model 141 Spectrometer Set-Up
![Page 13: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flame Test MetalsMetal ion used for flame test experiments:
Li+
Na+
K+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Cu2+
![Page 14: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Li Flame Test
![Page 15: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Li Emission Spectrum
![Page 16: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Li Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
![Page 17: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Li Atomic Emission DataLi Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Li Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2118 (H2) 656
871 (H2) 486
496 (H2) 434
2216 (Li) 669
Theoretical 671
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.136732125002138 x + 366.49618145585R² = 0.999989740332494
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
![Page 18: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Na Flame Test
![Page 19: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Na Emission Spectrum
![Page 20: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Na Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 StandardH2 Standard
![Page 21: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Na Atomic Emission DataNa Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Na Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2256 (H2) 656
1099 (H2) 486
726 (H2) 434
1857 (Na) 589
Theoretical 589
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.145533611370218 x + 327.359110666047R² = 0.999897665717449
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
![Page 22: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sr Flame Test
![Page 23: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sr Emission Spectrum
![Page 24: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sr Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
![Page 25: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sr Atomic Emission DataSr Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Sr Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2105 (H2) 656
851 (H2) 486
463 (H2) 434
1716 (Sr) 603
1598 (Sr) 587
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.135290720723819 x + 371.147008615087R² = 0.999995254009954
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
![Page 26: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cu Flame Test
![Page 27: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cu Emission Spectrum
![Page 28: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cu Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
![Page 29: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ba Flame Test
![Page 30: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ba Emission Spectrum
![Page 31: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ba Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
![Page 32: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
K Flame Test
![Page 33: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
K Emission Spectrum
![Page 34: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
K Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
![Page 35: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Quantitative Atomic Emission SpectraBeer’s Law
Use Image J software to measure the volume of the emission.
Use an internal standard and measure the volume/volume percentage of each emission spectra.
![Page 36: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Li Emission Spectrum
![Page 37: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0.1 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 38: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 39: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 40: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 41: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
0.3 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 42: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
0.3 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 43: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
0.4 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 44: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0.4 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 45: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
0.5 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 46: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
0.5 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
![Page 47: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Li Quantitative Atomic Emission Spectra
Li with Internal Standard 0.1 M NaVol/Vol% vs Li Concentration (M) Table
Li with Internal Standard 0.1 M Na Vol/Vol% vs Li Concentration (M) Graph
Li Concentration
(M)
Vol/Vol Percentage
0.1 8.0%
0.2 14.5%
0.3 24.5%
0.4 32.0%
0.5 40.0%
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.550.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
f(x) = 0.797272727272727 xR² = 0.999297101355126
Li Concentration (M)
Vol
/Vol
Per
cent
age
![Page 48: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Electrochemistry & Nernst EquationE = Eo − RT lnQ
nF
Two variables:
Concentration
Temperature
![Page 49: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
MicroLab Electrochemical Cell
![Page 50: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Various ConcentrationThree metals studied
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Five concentrations studied
1.0 M
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M
0.0001 M
![Page 51: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Electrochemical Cell Set-Up
0.1 M
1.0 M
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M
0.0001 M
![Page 52: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Electrochemical Cell Set-Up
![Page 53: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Electrochemical Set-Up with Temperature Probe
![Page 54: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 298K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.106 1.119 1.159 1.199 1.218
Minimum 1.038 1.046 1.043 1.100 1.018
Mean 1.062 1.077 1.091 1.137 1.164
Median 1.062 1.076 1.082 1.140 1.170
Standard Deviation
0.009721004
0.014499453
0.028048642
0. 13911887
0.03606137
Theoretical 1.070 1.100 1.130 1.159 1.189
Percent Error
0.742 2.098 3.425 1.890 2.047
![Page 55: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 298K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.183 1.133 1.074 1.050 1.038
Minimum 1.144 1.094 1.044 1.006 0.965
Mean 1.157 1.107 1.057 1.021 0.997
Median 1.154 1.104 1.059 1.021 0.994
Standard Deviation
0.006965771
0.006965771
0.007603081
0.00862764 0.014777132
Theoretical 1.130 1.100 1.070 1.041 1.011
Percent Error
2.394 0.600 1.273 1.878 1.398
![Page 56: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 298K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.661 0.650 0.619 0597 0.568
Minimum 0.632 0.611 0.545 0.538 0.510
Mean 0.649 0.628 0.580 0.565 0.531
Median 0.652 0.630 0.579 0.562 0.530
Standard Deviation
0.007310477
0.007822034
0.015888674
0.010471189
0.010477005
Theoretical 0.660 0.630 0.600 0.571 0.541
Percent Error
1.622 0.365 3.358 1.000 1.883
![Page 57: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 298K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.626 0.655 1.131 0.746 0.755
Minimum 0.582 0.576 0.600 0.516 0.593
Mean 0.601 0.626 0.650 0.681 0.695
Median 0.602 0.626 0.645 0.673 0.696
Standard Deviation
0.008770725
0.011505925
0.046916215
0.03283421 0.017766573
Theoretical 0.600 0.630 0.660 0.689 0.719
Percent Error
0.078 0.697 1.405 1.167 3.233
![Page 58: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 298K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.522 0.486 0.445 0.427 0.409
Minimum 0.493 0.461 0.415 0.388 0.370
Mean 0.506 0.476 0.431 0.404 0.390
Median 0.507 0.476 0.430 0.403 0.389
Standard Deviation
0.004911275
0.005346092
0.00635585 0.007262474
0.007910952
Theoretical 0.500 0.470 0.440 0.411 0.381
Percent Error
1.301 1.197 2.108 1.167 2.340
![Page 59: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 298K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.454 0.492 0.568 0.647 0.958
Minimum 0.410 0.433 0.396 0.338 0.095
Mean 0.438 0.468 0.511 0.534 0.558
Median 0.440 0.472 0.514 0.534 0.570
Standard Deviation
0.007719291
0.011144107
0.024328189
0.034664593
0.087102814
Theoretical 0.440 0.470 0.500 0.529 0.559
Percent Error
0.449 0.378 2.371 0.990 0.125
![Page 60: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
![Page 61: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
![Page 62: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu
Sample
Conce
ntr
ati
on (
M)
![Page 63: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
![Page 64: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 65: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Lead-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 66: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Copper-LeadElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 67: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 273 K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 61 61 61 61 61
Maximum 1.074 1.118 1.141 1.159 1.183
Minimum 1.049 1.089 1.107 1.115 1.154
Mean 1.062 1.103 1.129 1.138 1.170
Median 1.064 1.103 1.131 1.140 1.169
Standard Deviation
0.006985992
0.008716935
0.008155272
0.013424918
0.008158007
Theoretical 1.073 1.100 1.127 1.154 1.181
Percent Error
0.977 0.244 0.186 1.397 0.957
![Page 68: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.269 1.113 1.348 1.138 1.090
Minimum 1.151 0.221 0.943 0.927 0.871
Mean 1.190 1.090 1.053 1.037 1.023
Median 1.185 1.099 1.055 1.040 1.027
Standard Deviation
0.016759511
0.080710624
0.037570077
0.026608249
0.028710539
Theoretical 1.127 1.100 1.073 1.046 1.019
Percent Error
5.566 0.939 1.853 0.849 0.411
![Page 69: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 273 K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.650 0.636 0.613 0.593 0.543
Minimum 0.606 0.587 0.574 0.534 0.485
Mean 0.639 0.620 0.597 0.561 0.523
Median 0.641 0.622 0.598 0.559 0.524
Standard Deviation
0.008815141
0.009181881
0.007292582
0.011799482
0.01256586
Theoretical 0.657 0.630 0.603 0.576 0.549
Percent Error
2.809 1.568 0.983 2.621 4.612
![Page 70: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 273 K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.631 0.635 0.675 0.724 1.341
Minimum 0.572 0.581 0.621 0.631 0.587
Mean 0.598 0.620 0.660 0.675 0.711
Median 0.596 0.620 0.660 0.680 0.709
Standard Deviation
0.008438207
0.008867272
0.008867272
0.0188964718
0.06668078
Theoretical 0.603 0.630 0.657 0.684 0.711
Percent Error
0.834 1.625 0.408 1.342 0.026
![Page 71: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.524 0.484 0.452 0.445 0.432
Minimum 0.505 0.460 0.418 0.377 0.397
Mean 0.520 0.473 0.436 0.429 0.416
Median 0.520 0.474 0.437 0.430 0.417
Standard Deviation
0.006000535
0.004863621
0.006319478
0.007186481
0.007529738
Theoretical 0.497 0.470 0.443 0.416 0.389
Percent Error
4.545 0.535 1.673 3.246 6.987
![Page 72: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.471 0.499 0.637 0.641 1.009
Minimum 0.441 0.450 0.403 0.425 0.281
Mean 0.457 0.473 0.495 0.525 0.556
Median 0.456 0.474 0.500 0.524 0.554
Standard Deviation
0.006803013
0.007898241
0.024335937
0.023314989
0.064327473
Theoretical 0.443 0.470 0.497 0.524 0.551
Percent Error
3.158 0.744 0.352 0.068 0.812
![Page 73: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 74: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Lead-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 75: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Copper-LeadElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
![Page 76: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Cu-Zn CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Cu-1.0 M Zn
Cu-0.1 M Zn
Cu-0.01 M Zn
Cu-0.001 M Zn
Cu-0.0001 M Zn
298 K 1.070 1.100 1.130 1.159 1.189
273 K 1.073 1.100 1.127 1.154 1.181
Zn-1.0 M Cu
Zn-0.1 M Cu
Zn-0.01 M Cu
Zn-0.001 M Cu
Zn-0.0001 M Cu
298 K 1.130 1.100 1.070 1.041 1.011
273 K 1.127 1.100 1.073 1.046 1.019
![Page 77: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Pb-Zn CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Pb-1.0 M Zn
Pb-0.1 M Zn
Pb-0.01 M Zn
Pb-0.001 M Zn
Pb-0.0001 M Zn
298 K 0.600 0.630 0.660 0.689 0.719
273 K 0.603 0.630 0.657 0.684 0.711
Zn-1.0 M Pb
Zn-0.1 M Pb
Zn-0.01 M Pb
Zn-0.001 M Pb
Zn-0.0001 M Pb
298 K 0.660 0.630 0.600 0.571 0.541
273 K 0.657 0.630 0.603 0.576 0.549
![Page 78: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Cu-Pb CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Cu-1.0 M Pb
Cu-0.1 M Pb
Cu-0.01 M Pb
Cu-0.001 M Pb
Cu-0.0001 M Pb
298 K 0.440 0.470 0.500 0.529 0.559
273 K 0.443 0.470 0.497 0.524 0.551
Pb-1.0 M Cu
Pb-0.1 M Cu
Pb-0.01 M Cu
Pb-0.001 M Cu
Pb-0.0001 M Cu
298 K 0.500 0.470 0.440 0.411 0.381
273 K 0.497 0.470 0.443 0.416 0.389
![Page 79: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Undergraduate Researchers
![Page 80: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Undergraduate Researchers
![Page 81: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Undergraduate Researcher
NuraliMamedov
Allamyrat Tuyliyev
GulhumayGardashova
![Page 82: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
AcknowledgmentsJohn Amend, Ph.D., President, MicroLab Inc.
Candace Goodman, Ph.D. MicroLab Inc.
Department of Chemistry, Independence Community College
Administration at Independence Community College
![Page 83: Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory course Blain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0fee3/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Thank you