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Understanding the Importance
of Policies and Managing Your
Risk with HIGH FIVE®
OCTOBER 24, 2015
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Sport Law & Strategy Group
Providing strategic insight to the Canadian sport community through professional services in these areas: • Legal Solutions and Policy
Development
• Risk Management, Strategic Planning and Good Governance
• Communications, Facilitation and Integral CoachingTM
• Event Management and Marketing
• Financial Planning and Human Resource Management
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What is HIGH FIVE • Canada’s quality standard for children’s recreation and sport • Founded by Parks and Recreation Ontario after research identified a need
for model and tools • Launched in 2001 after years of research • Reaching 675,000 kids across country Vision: Through sustainable involvement in quality recreation and sport activities all children are experiencing healthy child development Why HIGH FIVE • Kids are encouraged to stay active for life • The sector is educated on the emotional, social and cognitive needs of kids • Parents are provided with an identifiable standard • Societal challenges are addressed including mental health and physical literacy
HIGH FIVE
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Understanding
Negligence
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OUTLINE
Question 1 - How does the law expect a coach to behave?
Answer negligence & liability
Question 2 - Given what the law expects, how does a coach ensure that he/she behaves appropriately?
Answer risk management
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NEGLIGENCE Negligence occurs only when: A Duty of Care is owed,
The Standard of Care is
breached,
Harm or Loss occurs,
The breach of the Standard causes or substantially contributes to the Harm or Loss
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DUTY OF CARE
A person owes a duty to anyone who they ought
to know could be affected by his/her actions
COACHES ATHLETES!
A duty arises by virtue of a “relationship” between
two parties, and the coach-athlete relationship is
clearly one which establishes a duty of care.
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STANDARD OF CARE Written/published standards
– Equipment standards – Organization policies & rules – Facility rules – Code of Conduct – Coaching/teaching/leadership manuals
Unwritten/unpublished standards – New developments and trends (HIGH FIVE®)
– Network
– Pursue and participate in Professional Development
Case law Common sense
– Intuition
– Knowledge
– Experience
– Gut
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STANDARD OF CARE
Highest possible level of care
- risk is eliminated
Reasonable standard of care in the
circumstances
- risk is appropriately managed
Failure to exercise any care
- risk is ignored
Behaviour is not negligent
Behaviour is negligent
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Myers v. Peel Country Board of Education (1981)
• Fifteen year old boy suffers broken neck while dismounting rings in a gymnastic class.
• Standard of Care required of a coach is that of a careful or prudent parent.
• A prudent parent would not:
– Use substandard mats when more protective mats available.
– Permit a his/her child to practice dangerous maneuvers without adult supervision.
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What we learned from Myers
The potential for accidents will be reduced if the following four tests are met:
1. Activity is suitable to the participant’s age and condition (mental and physical);
2. Participant is progressively trained to do activity properly;
3. Equipment is adequate and suitably arranged; and
4. The performance is properly supervised.
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Hamstra v. BC Rugby Union (1989)
• Rendered quadriplegic when scrum collapsed.
• Sued coach for mismatching athletes playing the
prop positions.
• Test for negligence is “whether [the coach] acted in
accordance with the ordinary skill and care of a
coach in the circumstances in which he found
himself.”
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Hamstra Continued
• Written Standards
– Court ruled coach acted in accordance with the Rules
of the Game, safety regulations, and accompanying
guidelines promoted by the sport’s governing body.
• Unwritten Standards
– Coach properly taught all players proper technique.
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Case Law Summary
• Hamsta establishes a lesser duty of care than the standard in Myers.
• Coaches have an obligation to act within those parameters established by these two cases.
** Coaches should be prepared to act within the standard of a reasonable and careful parent, the higher standard of care established by the Supreme Court of Canada**
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RISK MANAGEMENT
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RISK MANAGEMENT
Traditional approach (1980s) Preventing injury
Modern approach (1990s) Avoiding legal issues and exposure to
damages
Organizational Performance (today) Approach to improve organizational
performance: effective governance, efficient planning, relevant programs, safe, welcoming and rewarding environment
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Some Common Risks
Lack of personnel capacity
(coaches, officials,
administrators, volunteers)
Lack of succession planning
Paralyzed by policies
Ineffective communications
Outdated governance model
Complaint, dispute or
scandal in the media
Excessive and conflicting
expectations from
stakeholders
Very little investment in
leadership and culture
Lack of alignment between
NSO/PTSO/Club
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RISK MANAGEMENT 101
• Identify risks – ask, what are the things that can go wrong?
• Measure and evaluate risks – ask, what is the chance it will go wrong, what are the consequences if it does?
• Control risks – ask, what can I do about it?
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IDENTIFY RISKS –
obvious, foreseeable….
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IDENTIFY RISKS –
not obvious, not foreseeable….
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IDENTIFY RISKS – foreseeable perhaps – but to this severity?
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Identify Risks
Compliance Risks
Financial Risks
Governance Risks
Communications Risks
Operational/Program Risks
Reputation Risks
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Low: will have an impact on achievement but can be dealt with
through internal adjustments
Medium: will have an impact on some aspect of achievement but
that will require changes to strategy or program delivery
High: will significantly impact the achievement and the organization
Catastrophic: will have a debilitating impact on the achievement
and the organization
EVALUATE RISK
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CONTROLLING THE RISK
Retain the risks you don’t do anything because the
risk is inherent in the sport
Reduce the risks you take steps to reduce the
likelihood of occurrence, and/or the consequences, largely by
changing human behavior
Transfer the risks you accept the level of risk but you
transfer this risk to others through contracts (insurance,
waivers, other business contracts)
Avoid the risks you decide simply to NOT do
something
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WAIVERS
have all participants in program sign a waiver agreement
INSURANCE
review all insurance needs and renew policies appropriately
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
include proper indemnification provisions in all contracts signed by the organization
CONTRACT FOR SERVICES
contract out work to other parties
(instructional clinics, event
management, security,
catering/bartending,
transportation)
JOINT VENTURES
create separate corporate entity
to host major events
RISK TRANSFER METHODS
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Step 1 – Use brainstorming techniques to identify risks (use best judgment)
Step 2 - Measure risks using
the low, moderate, high categories (use best judgment)
Step 3 - Identify appropriate measures to control risks
Step 4 - Implement
measures Step 5 - Review and
adjust your plan on a regular basis
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Effective Sport Organizations
Have the right governance model to achieve strategic ends
Have relevant strategic and financial plans that are approved, monitored, shared and updated
Have developed the means to strategically communicate with its key stakeholders
Have updated policies that meet legal expectations & humanistic needs
Have a strong culture, based on shared values
Have a integrated risk management into their decision-making at all levels
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PARTICIPANT CHECKLIST
Carefully monitor participants’ skill levels and skill development
Group your participants appropriately
Ensure you have the necessary medical information on participants
Demonstrate a “safety attitude” in all your interactions with participants
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PERSONAL CHECKLIST
Facilities and Equipment
Keep a written inventory of equipment, and develop a system to ensure all equipment is regularly inspected and repaired/replaced
Develop your own routine for inspecting a facility prior to every practice or training session
Document all deficiencies in writing and provide promptly to the facility owner/operator
Ensure the facility has a phone or carry a cell phone with you at all times
Know what instructions to give to emergency vehicles
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Most times the solutions are easy
Safety Risk management measure
Opportunity
Threat
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The law does not cut you slack because you are
‘volunteer-based’ or ‘volunteer-led’.
But Remember…
The law never expects perfection, it only expects
reasonableness
36
REALITY CHECK
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PRINCIPLES OF HEALTHY CHILD DEVELOPMENT
(PHCD) training
• Recreation coaches, swim or fitness instructors, camp counsellors, etc.
• 7.5 hours
• Some of the components include: – Understanding of the mental, emotional and social needs of children
aged 6 to 12;
– Designing activity plans that enhance a child’s healthy development;
– Practicing tips and skills that can be applied to building healthy relationships in all areas of programming for children;
– Learning to create environments and spaces that foster healthy child development.
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• Competitive coaches, sport leaders/volunteers
• 5 hour training
• Explores the mental, social, emotional needs of children aged 6 to 12 in a sport setting
• Top coaching dilemmas such as: – Dealing with parents
– Keeping the child's interest
– Ensuring fair play and an emotionally safe environment
• Your Child in Sport video
HIGH FIVE Sport training
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• Engagement strategies for children that may not be engaging – Strength-based decision making model
• Insights into common mental health distress or disorders
• Communicating with children and parents around sensitive topics
• Raising comfort level of staff in dealing with mental health
Healthy Minds for Healthy Children
online training
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PROGRAM ASSESSMENT TOOL
(QUEST 2)
The QUEST 2 measures the experience of the child by looking at
interactions and program factors which influence development. It
has five sections.
Program
Characteristics
and Supports
Leader to
Leader
Interactions
Leader to
Child
Interactions
Child to
Child
Interactions
Supervision
and Safety
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GROUP ACTIVITY
1. Rentals and Supervision
2. Staff Training/Ratios
3. Transition Areas/Drop Off and Pick
Up Policies
4. Social Marketing and Media
5. Field Trips
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Policies
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Organizations Run Into Trouble When:
They do not set out rules [policies] or procedures to
deal with something
They set out rules [policies] but they are incomplete,
vague or contradictory
They set out rules [policies] but then choose not to
follow them
They have rules [policies] that do not “fit” with their
culture or their resources
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Policies are Your Best Friend
They provide you with a guide for your actions
They help you to avoid a problem or crisis
In the event you cannot avoid a problem or a crisis, they will help you to act uniformly, consistently and fairly in how you manage your problem or crisis
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GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND POLICIES
What’s bad
• They take time to write
• They go out of date
• They don’t get used
• They don’t work the way they should
What’s good • They provide a road map
• They encourage consistency, uniformity in actions
• They discourage arbitrariness
• They help you to be fair
• They reduce conflict
• They make your life less stressful
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Types of Policies
FRAMEWORK POLICIES – vision, values, beliefs, mission and mandate
GOVERNANCE POLICIES – organizational structure, roles and responsibilities, award and revoke privileges of membership, dispute resolution
OPERATIONAL POLICIES – operational details of programs, personnel, finance and advocacy
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Key Policies
Selection -> award benefits in sport
Conduct, Discipline, Harassment -> revoke benefits of sport
Appeals, Mediation, Arbitration -> disputes over allocation of benefits
Personnel -> employees, volunteers, contractors
Conflict of interest -> statutory requirements
Privacy - > protects personal information
Workplace Harassment – Legal Requirement
Accessibility – Legal Requirement
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POLICY WRITING
• Be clear! - Show your policy to an outsider to see if
they understand it
• Be concise! – Do not use three words when one will
do
• Be consistent! - in your use of terms
• Be friendly to your reader! - make ample use of
headings, subheadings, bullets
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Policy Template
1. Statement of purpose of the policy
2. Scope and application of the policy (what and whom does the policy apply to?)
3. Exclusions from the policy (what does the policy not apply to? - just to be safe!)
4. Policy “scheme” (who does what, when, how)
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POLICY WRITING
“shall”, “must”, “will”
• These terms indicate that
the action is mandatory --
for example, the President
must do what the policy
stipulates
“may”, “can”
• These terms indicate
that the action is
discretionary -- for
example, the President
may exercise his
discretion in deciding if
he will do something
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Structure & Process
Constitution (Purposes)
By-laws
Governance Policies
Other Policies
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Suggested Policies
1. Bylaws
2. Code of Conduct
3. Discipline and Complaints Policy
4. Appeal Policy
5. Protest Policy
6. Dispute Resolution
7. Confidentiality
8. Conflict of Interest
9. Privacy
10. Accessibility
11. Workplace Harassment
12. Screening Policy
13. Sanctioning Policy
14. Employment and Contractor Agreements
15. Financial Policy
16. Equity Policy
17. Transgender
18. Social Media
19. Committee Terms of Reference
20. Waiver and Assumption of Risk
21. Director’s Agreement and Guide
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GOVERNANCE ….
Governance is the process used to direct and
manage an organization’s operations, programs
and activities”
GOOD GOVERNANCE is about achieving desired
results and achieving them the right way.
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‘Good’ GOVERNANCE
Vision – identifying your destination
Planning – setting goals and providing a pathway to get there
Resources – securing the resources required to reach destination
Monitoring – checking that progress is being made towards destination
Accountability – using resources responsibly and reporting progress to your stakeholders (members, funders, partners)
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POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
(QUEST 1) TOOL
Supervision
and Safety Interactions Program
Characteristics
and Supports
The QUEST 1 allows organizations to assess existing polices and procedures as well as write and implement new polices and procedures to help support healthy child development.
Administrative
Practices
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QUEST 1 Assessment
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Thank you!
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For more information: