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  • 8/19/2019 Undisclosed Notes

    1/28Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2195467

     

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    1  A Case harshly treated? Watteau v Fenwick re-evaluated – Kevin M. Rogers, Hertfordshire Law

    Journal 2 (2) 26-29, https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/9180/1/902829.pdf

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    I-  0DEIEDBF] h3ii4j *5&0 3ko^ c.00d

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    W-  $@H@SIFE 6IQI] 6IQI => GQBO XNWK@O@FE UNBE@W IC r, ?IS@ P@@F ICY@W

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    5&% QIE?@Q E?IF IFMBF@ @HC@- .?@ IFCJ@Q DC E?IE E?DC JIC BG CDKFDGDLIFL@-

    "BE? E?@ 0BFL@AE IFW E?@ )@GDFDEDS@ )@CDKF LBFEQILEC J@Q@ GBQ I

    LBHHIPBQIEDS@ AQBX@LEV DF J?DL? $DLIQWB J@Q@ EB JBQY LHBC@HM JDE? cIFW EB

    EQIDFd E?@ LHD@FE E?QBNK?BNE E?@C@ W@CDKF W@S@HBAO@FE CEIK@C- 5@ IKQ@@W

    EB WB E?DC cIFW AQ@AIQ@W BNQ PNWK@Ed BF E?@ PICDC E?IE DE JIC 5&%eC

    A@QCBFF@HV IE 5&%eC AQ@ODC@CV J?B J@Q@ E?@ LHD@FE- 5&% J@Q@ J@HH

    YFBJF EB NC IFW J@ E?BNK?E E?IE E?@ DFE@FW@W LBHHIPBQIEDBF JIC

    JBQYIPH@ BF E?@ E@QOC C@E BNE DF E?@ AQBABCIH WBLNO@FECV IFW JIC HDY@HM

    EB P@ JBQE?J?DH@ cDF E?@ C@FC@ E?IE E?@ AQBX@LE JIC HDY@HM EB P@ AQBGDEIPH@

    EB $DLIQWB PBE? GDFIFLDIHHM IFW DF E@QOC BG IWWDFK EB $DLIQWBeC AQBGDH@ IFW

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    E?@ IK@FE JIC DOABQEIFE GILEBQ E?IE @RLHNW@W DFE@QS@FEDBF-

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    DD- .?NCV @S@F CNPX@LE BG E?@ LBFEQILE LIF KDS@ DFWDLIEDBF IC EB J?@E?@Q

    DFE@QS@FEDBF DC DFLHNW@W BQ @RLHNW@W-

    ;5  =KJJK G3 0MECH )BRRPS

    I- 

    0DEIEDBF] h^

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    W-  $IEDB] ,E JIC ?@HW E?IE E?@Q@ JIC FB LBFLHNCDS@ @H@LEDBF PM E?@ AHIDFEDGG

    IFW E?@Q@GBQ@ ?@ LBNHW CN@ %FWX@HV E?@ IK@FE- %FWX@H ?IW FBE P@@F HNHH@W

    DFEB I GIHC@ C@FC@ BG C@LNQDEM PM E?@ AHIDFEDGG CNDFK 6-0B- ,G XNWK@O@FE ?IW

    P@@F BPEIDF@W IKIDFCE E?@ W@G@FWIFE E?@F E?@ OIEE@Q JBNHW ?IS@ P@@FWDGG@Q@FE CDFL@ BF@ LIFFBE ?IS@ EJB XNWK@O@FEC DF Q@CA@LE BG E?@ CIO@

    W@PE BQ LINC@ BG ILEDBF-

    465  'KQHIKMCO

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    D- ,E JIC LBFL@QF@W JDE? AIQEDLNHIQ LNCEBOC IOBFK 9IFL?@CE@Q

    LBOODCCDBF IK@FEC c,QSDF@ a 0B S 5IECBF a 2BFC h^kkij = p")

    7^7l 2@IHM IFW &BBH@MV AA-^=i`=3dV PNE E?DC WB@C FBE IAA@IQ DF E?@

    XNWKO@FE BG "HILYPNQF m-DD- ,E JIC I W@LDCDBF IPBNE IF NFDW@FEDGD@W AQDFLDAIH cDF J?DL? LIC@ E?@

    AQDFLDAIH DC HDIPH@ NFH@CC E?@ E?DQW AIQEM ?IC H@W E?@ AQDFLDAIH EB

    P@HD@S@ E?@ W@PE ?IC P@@F AIDW PM E?@ IK@FEd IFW FBE IF

    NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIH- "NE DE DC LH@IQ GQBO ?DC XNWKO@FE E?IE

    "HILYPNQF m JIC W@IHDFK JDE? NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIHC-

    DDD- ,F ,QSDF@ a 0B S 5IECBF a 2BFC c^kkid = p") 7^7 c2@IHM IFW

    &BBH@MV AA-^=i`=3dV E?@ 0BNQE BG %AA@IH WDCEDFKNDC?@W IFW @S@F

    WBNPE@W %QOCEQBFK- 0BFEQIQM EB J?IE "HILYPNQF m ILENIHHM CIDWV

    "Q@EE (m DFE@QAQ@E@W E?@ W@LDCDBF FIQQBJHM] [6QBPIPHM E?@DQ

    W@LDCDBF O@IFC E?DCV E?IEV J?@F E?@ C@HH@Q W@IHC JDE? E?@ IK@FE IC

    CBH@ AQDFLDAIHV IFW E?@ FIENQ@ BG E?@ IK@FEgC PNCDF@CC DC CNL? E?IE

    E?@ PNM@Q BNK?E EB P@HD@S@ E?IE E?@ C@HH@Q ?IC CB W@IHEV DF CNL? I

    LIC@ DE JBNHW P@ NFXNCE EB IHHBJ E?@ C@HH@Q EB Q@LBS@Q GQBO E?@

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    AQDFLDAIH @RDCEC GBQ ANQABC@C BG LBOO@QLDIH LBFS@FD@FL@V DE DC

    DOABQEIFE EB OIDFEIDF AQBE@LEDBFC GBQ E?@ E?DQW AIQEM- ,F E?@

    CDENIEDBF J?@Q@ E?@ IK@FE ?IC GIDH@W EB AICC E?@ AIMO@FE EB E?@

    E?DQW AIQEMV @DE?@Q E?@ AQDFLDAIH BQ E?@ E?DQW AIQEM JDHH HBC@ IFW DE

    C@@OC GIDQ@CE EB AHIL@ E?@ HBCC BF E?@ AQDFLDAIH

    475  ,MSIJK

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    L-  "IQ@ /ILEC] .?@ ANQCN@Q CN@W E?@ NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIHV BJF@Q BG E?@ PBIE

    JDE? L@QEIDF W@G@LEC- +F P@?IHG BG E?@ W@G@FWIFEV E?@ IK@FE OIW@ E?@

    Q@AQ@C@FEIEDBF DF E?@ LBNQC@ BG ?DC PNCDF@CC- .?@ ILE BG IK@FE H@W E?@

    ANQCN@Q EB P@HD@S@ E?IE PBIE JIC GQ@@ BG W@G@LEC- .?@ ANQCN@Q @H@LE@W EBCN@ E?@ NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIH QIE?@Q E?IF E?@ IK@FE-

    W-  ,OABQEIFE CDW@ GILEC] ,F E?DC LIC@V E?@ C@LEDBF ^7c=d BG 2IH@ BG :BBWC %LE

    Q@IWC IC [.?@ AQ@L@WDFK AQBSDCDBFC BG E?DC C@LEDBF IAAHM EB I CIH@ PM I

    A@QCBF J?B DF E?@ LBNQC@ BG I PNCDF@CC DC ILEDFK IC IK@FE GBQ IFBE?@Q IC

    E?@M IAAHM EB I CIH@ PM I AQDFLDAIH DF E?@ LBNQC@ BG I PNCDF@CCV @RL@AE

    J?@Q@ E?IE BE?@Q DC FBE C@HHDFK DF E?@ LBNQC@ BG I PNCDF@CC IFW @DE?@Q E?@

    PNM@Q YFBJC E?IE GILE BQ Q@ICBFIPH@ CE@AC IQ@ EIY@F EB PQDFK DE EB E?@

    FBEDL@ BG E?@ PNM@Q P@GBQ@ E?@ LBFEQILE DC OIW@-\ .?@ DFE@QAQ@EIEDBF BG E?DC

    HDF@ OIM P@ ODCH@IWDFK- ,E IAAIQ@FEHM IAABDFEC HDIPDHDEM EB E?@ IK@FE-

    &BJ@S@QV E?@ EQN@ O@IFDFK @RAHIDF@W DF E?@ XNWKO@FE DC E?IE [E?@ GILE E?IE

    FB CIH@ BG KBBWC PM AQDSIE@ DFWDSDWNIHC JIC CNPX@LE EB IFM DOAHD@W

    LBFWDEDBF BG GDEF@CC @S@F J?@Q@ CNL? DFWDSDWNIHC CBHW E?QBNK? INLEDBF@@QC

    BQ IK@FECV I CDENIEDBF J?DL? LBNHW LINC@ ?IQWC?DA J?@Q@ PNM@QC Q@HD@W BF

    E?@ IK@FEeC Q@ANEIEDBF- 2NPC@LEDBF c=d JIC WQIGE@W PM E?@ (IJ

    0BOODCCDBFC EB O@@E E?DC CDENIEDBF-\ .?NCV E?@ LHINC@ DFE@FWC EB IAABDFE

    HDIPDHDEM EB E?@ AQDFLDAIH J?B W@CADE@ C@HHDFK FBE DF LBNQC@ BG PNCDF@CCV

    @DE?@Q GIDHC EB DFGBQO E?@ PNM@Q BQ Q@OIDFC ?DWW@F GQBO E?@ PNM@Q CB E?IE

    PNM@Q LIFFBE CB W@WNL@ ?DOC@HG-

    @-  )@LDCDBF] .?@ IAA@IH PM E?@ BJF@QV D-@- E?@ NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIHV

    LBFE@FWDFK E?IE E?@ IK@FE DC E?@ BF@ Q@CABFCDPH@V JIC WDCODCC@W-

    G-  $IEDB] 'FWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIH DC ?@HW HDIPH@- .?IE DC AIQE IQKNO@FE- .?@

    BE?@Q AIQE DC E?IE C@LEDBF ^7c=d JIC CA@LDGDLIHHM DFE@FW@W EB OIY@

    NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIHC A@QA@EQIEDFK GQINWV DFE@FEDBFIHHM BQ BE?@QJDC@V

    HDIPH@ GBQ E?@ LBFEQILE-

    485  (FIIJFB G .JCEALX

    I-  0DEIEDBF] h^k

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    L-  "QD@G /ILEC] 6HIDFEDGGV 5IEE@INV CBHW KBBWC EB I ANP OIFIK@QV &NOPH@V

    NFW@Q E?@ P@HD@G E?IE &NOPH@ JIC ILENIHHM E?@ ANP BJF@Q- 6HIDFEDGG H@IQF@W

    E?IE )@G@FWIFEV /@FJDLYV JIC E?@ ILENIH BJF@Q IFW CBNK?E EB LBHH@LE GQBO

    )@G@FWIFE GBQ E?@ NFAIDW PIHIFL@ BG KBBWC ANQL?IC@W PM &NOPH@-)@G@FWIFE BJF@W I ?BE@HbANP E?IE @OAHBM@W &NOPH@ EB OIFIK@ E?@

    @CEIPHDC?O@FE- &NOPH@ JIC E?@ @RLHNCDS@ GIL@ BG E?@ PNCDF@CCl &NOPH@gC

    FIO@ JIC BF E?@ PIQ IFW E?@ HDL@FC@ BG E?@ ANP- )@G@FWIFE @RAHDLDEHM

    DFCEQNLE@W &NOPH@ FBE EB OIY@ IFM ANQL?IC@C BNECDW@ BG PBEEH@W IH@C IFW

    ODF@QIH JIE@QCV PNE &NOPH@ CEDHH @FE@Q@W DFEB IF IKQ@@O@FE JDE? 6HIDFEDGG

    GBQ E?@ ANQL?IC@ BG LDKIQC- 6HIDFEDGG WDCLBS@Q@W E?IE )@G@FWIFE JIC E?@

    ILENIH BJF@Q IFW PQBNK?E IF ILEDBF EB LBHH@LE GQBO )@G@FWIFE-

    W-  $IEDB] :@F@QIH QNH@ DC E?IE NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIH DC FBE HDIPH@ GBQ ILEC BG

    IK@FE BNECDW@ E?@ INE?BQDEM KQIFE@W EB ?DO- &BJ@S@Q E?@ NFWDCLHBC@W

    AQDFLDAIH JIC ?@HW HDIPH@ DF E?DC LIC@- .?NC IF NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIH LIF P@

    ?@HW HDIPH@ GBQ E?@ ILEDBFC BG IF IK@FE J?B DC ILEDFK JDE? IF INE?BQDEM E?IE

    DC Q@ICBFIPH@ GBQ I A@QCBF DF E?@ IK@FEgC ABCDEDBF Q@KIQWH@CC BG J?@E?@Q

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    I-  0DEIEDBF] h^k>=j *FK$ ^3 c"d

    P-  /ILEC] mBF@C @OAHBM@W "NC?@HH IC E?@ OIFIK@Q BG ?DC PNCDF@CC DF (BFWBF

    NFW@Q E?@ FIO@ BG [ "NC?@HH a 0B-\ mBF@C GBQPIW@ "NC?@HH GQBO WQIJDFK

    IFW ILL@AEDFK PDHHC BG @RL?IFK@- "NC?@HH PQ@IL?@W E?DC AQB?DPDEDBF DF

    ILL@AEDFK CBO@ PDHHC IFW mBF@C JIC CN@W NABF BF@ BG E?@O PM E?@ AHIDFEDGG-

    ,E JIC ?@HW E?IE mBF@C JIC HDIPH@- 1@DE?@Q E?@ AHIDFEDGG FBQ IFM AQ@SDBNC

    ?BHW@Q BG E?@ PDHH YF@J E?IE "NC?@HH JIC IF IK@FE BG mBF@C-

    L-  $IEDB] 5?@F E?@ 6 DC NFWDCLHBC@WV IFW E?@Q@ DC GIDQ Q@AQ@C@FEIEDBF E?IE % DC

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    DFE@QS@F@C-

    4:5  DJAOUPJS $F_HIJN [ "M3 G3 0BKFCI

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    L-  "ICDL /ILEC] 6QDFLDAIH ?IC ICY@W E?@ LBQF O@QL?IFE EB PNM J?@IE XBDFEHM DF

    E?@ FIO@ BG AQDFLDAIH IFW E?@ O@QL?IFE IE CA@LDGD@W AQDL@- .?@ O@QL?IFE

    @RL@@W@W ?DC INE?BQDEM IFW PBNK?E E?@ J?@IE IE ?DK?@Q AQDL@C DF ?DC BJF

    FIO@ JDE?BNE O@FEDBFDFK E?@ AQDFLDAIH cIAA@HHIFECd- (IE@Q E?@ AQDFLDAIHQIEDGD@W E?@ W@LDCDBF PNE CNPC@UN@FEHM Q@GNC@W EB EIY@ W@HDS@QM BG E?@

    J?@IE- ,E JIC ?@HW E?IE E?@ O@QL?IFE cBQ %K@FEd JIC CBH@HM Q@CABFCDPH@ GBQ

    E?@ ANQL?IC@ IC E?@ AQDFLDAIH JIC NFW@Q FB H@KIH BPHDKIEDBFC EB E?@

    Q@CABFW@FEC cE?@ S@FWBQV E?DQW AIQEMd- %FM ANQABQE@W QIEDGDLIEDBF PM E?@

    AQDFLDAIH JIC DFSIHDW-

    W-  $IEDB] % A@QCBF J?B JIC IHH@K@W EB ?IS@ DFE@FW@W EB LBFEQILE BF P@?IHG BG

    I E?DQW AIQEMV PNE JDE?BNE ?DC INE?BQDEMV OIW@ I LBFEQILEV FBE AQBG@CCDFK EB

    ILE BF P@?IHG BG I AQDFLDAIHV IFW DE JIC ?@HW E?IE DE JIC FBE LBOA@E@FE GBQ

    E?@ E?DQW AIQEM EB QIEDGM E?@ LBFEQILEV P@LINC@ E?@ DFE@FEDBF BG E?@ IK@FE

    LBNHW FBE P@ DFUNDQ@W DFEB GBQ E?@ ANQABC@ BG IHE@QDFK E?@ LBFEQILE IC

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    cNFWDCLHBC@Wd AQDFLDAIHV DC PIC@W NABF *CEBAA@H- 0BFC@UN@FEHMV DE BFHM

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    IK@FE DC E?@ AQDFLDAIH-

    W-  "ICDL /ILEC] CNKK@CEC E?IE E?@ E?DQW AIQEM LIF BFHM LHIDO ?DC QDK?E BG C@E BGG

    J?@Q@ E?@ NFWDCLHBC@W AQDFLDAIHgC LBFWNLE QIDC@C IF *CEBAA@H- .?DC

    HDODEIEDBF LIF ABCCDPHM P@ Q@CEQDLE@W EB E?@ GILEC BG E?@ AIQEDLNHIQ LIC@- ,E

    DFSBHS@W I GDQO BG PQBY@QC J?B CBO@EDO@C ILE@W IC IK@FEC IFW CBO@EDO@C

    IC AQDFLDAIHC- ,F E?DC LIC@ E?@M CBHW LBEEBF EB E?@ E?DQW AIQEM FBE WDCLHBCDFK

    E?IE E?@M J@Q@ ILEDFK IC IK@FEC- .?@ E?DQW AIQEM YF@J E?IE E?@ PQBY@QC

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    CN@W GBQ E?@ ANQL?IC@ AQDL@- .?@ E?DQW AIQEM LHIDO@W I C@E BGG GBQ OBF@M

    BJ@W PM E?@ PQBY@QC- .?@ LHIDO GIDH@W- .?@ &BNC@ BG (BQWC ?@HW E?IE

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    JIC FBE @FBNK?- .?@ E?DQW AIQEM IHCB ?IW EB C?BJ E?IE E?@ IK@FE JICOIW@ EB IAA@IQ IC E?@ AQDFLDAIH PM E?@ INE?BQDEM BQ Q@IH LBFWNLE BG E?@

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    QDK?E EB C@EbBGG IKIDFCE %V CIO@ QDK?E DC IAAHDLIPH@ IKIDFCE 6- .?@ WBLEQDF@V

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    cNFWDCLHBC@Wd AQDFLDAIHV DC PIC@W NABF *CEBAA@H- 0BFC@UN@FEHMV DE BFHM

    BA@QIE@C J?@Q@ E?@ AQDFLDAIH ?IC Q@AQ@C@FE@W EB E?@ E?DQW AIQEM E?IE E?@

    IK@FE DC E?@ AQDFLDAIH-

    L-  "ICDL /ILEC] %F IK@FEV ILEDFK GBQ IF NFWDCLHBC@W 6QDFLDAIHV CBHW W@G@FWIFE

    CBO@ KBBWC- .?@ W@G@FWIFE BJ@W OBF@M EB E?@ IK@FE- 2NPC@UN@FEHMV E?@

    AQDFLDAIH DFE@QS@F@W BF E?@ LBFEQILE EB CN@ E?@ W@G@FWIFE GBQ E?@ AQDL@ BG

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    I-  0DEIEDBF] h^j 0?

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    EB Q@F@K@ BF E?@ LBFEQILE- )MCE@Q PQBNK?E IF ILEDBF GBQ CA@LDGDL

    A@QGBQOIFL@- ,E JIC ?@HW E?IE CDH@FL@ BG E?@ IK@FE WDW FBE IOBNFE EB

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    W-  $@H@SIFE pNBEIEDBFC] ,F E?@ LBNQC@ BG ?DC XNWKO@FE (IJQ@FL@ m IKQ@@W

    JDE? ONL? BG J?IE ?IW P@@F CIDW PM 9L0IQWD@ mV F@S@QE?@H@CCV ?@ BQW@Q@W

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    A@QCBF ILENIHHM @FEDEH@W EB E?@ P@F@GDE BG I LBFEQILEtWB@C FBE IOBNFE EB

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    645  ,MBPIMC G aMCJH FCN 'CMIUJK

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    LDQLNOCEIFL@C J?@E?@Q I LBFEQILE DFSBHS@W W@H@LENC A@QCBFI@ IFW ?@FL@

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    W-  "ICDL /ILEC] "BNHEBFV IAA@IQDFK EB ILE BF ?DC BJF P@?IHGV ANQL?IC@W CBO@

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    VI.  NOTES AND FURTHER READING 

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     ',#/- $* 

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    0+)"&'+$*2) 

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