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Unit 11: Acid-Base EquilibriumChapter 16 and 17
Problem Set• Chapter 16: 17, 21, 37,
43, 45, 61, 65, 69, 77, 79, 101, 107• Chapter 17: 19, 23, 27,
31, 41,
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WarmUp
1) nitric acid 2) hydrofluoric acid 3) hydrobromic
acid 4) chloric acid 5) acetic acid 6) carbonic acid 7) tetraboric acid(tetraborate =
B4O72-)
1) HCl 2) H2S 3) H3PO4
4) HI 5) HNO2
6) H3P 7) H2SO4
Write the Formula • Name the Acid
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WarmUp
1) nitric acid 2) hydrofluoric acid 3) hydrobromic
acid 4) chloric acid 5) acetic acid 6) carbonic acid 7) tetraboric acid(tetraborate =
B4O72-)
1) HCl 2) H2S 3) H3PO4
4) HI 5) HNO2
6) H3P 7) H2SO4
Write the Formula • Name the Acid
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Arrhenius Definition• Acids produce hydrogen ions in
aqueous solution.• Bases produce hydroxide ions
when dissolved in water.• Limits to aqueous solutions.• Only one kind of base.• NH3 ammonia could not be an
Arrhenius base.
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Bronsted-Lowry Definitions
• And acid is an proton (H+) donor and a base is a proton acceptor.
• Acids and bases always come in pairs.• HCl is an acid..• When it dissolves in water it gives its
proton to water.• HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+ + Cl-
• Water is a base makes hydronium ion
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Neutralization Reactions• Remember: Acid + Base → Water +
Salt• The salt’s name and formula will be
based off of the cation of the base and the anion of the acid
• Example: HCl + NaOH ↔ H2O + NaCl• Neutralization reactions are one way
that is used to produce pure salts.• Amphoteric Substances: can act as
either an acid or a base
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Titration• Method used to perform
neutralization and to determine concentrations of an unknown acid or base.
• Titrant – added standard solution
• End Point – indicator color change
• Equivalence Point – [H+] = [OH-]
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Acid Base Calculations• In neutral solutions, [H+] and [OH-]
are equal• [H+] = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7 M• For other solutions, when [H+]
increases, then [OH-] will decrease and vise versa
• [H+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 • Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 • This is the Ion-Product Constant for
Water• Acidic Solutions: [H+] > [OH-] • Basic Solutions: [H+] < [OH-]
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Using pH Scale• pH: Power of Hydrogen• pH = 7 Neutral [H+] = 1 x 10-7 • pH < 7 Acidic [H] > 1 x 10-7
• pH > 7 Basic [H+] = 1 x 10-7 • pH = -log [H+]• Example Calculate pH if [H+] = 1 x 10-7 M
pH = -log (1 x 10-7 M)= -(log 1 + log 10-7)= -(0 +(-7))pH = 7 * The exponent shows you the pH!*
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The pOH Scale• pOH : Power of Hydroxide• pOH = 7 Neutral[OH-] = 1 x 10-7 • pOH < 7 Basic [OH-] > 1 x 10-7
• pOH > 7 Acidic [OH-] < 1 x 10-7
• pOH = -log [OH-]*Same process as before, only now
you are dealing with [OH-]Other Key Equations
• pH + pOH = 14• pH = 14 – pOH• pOH = 14 – pH
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Calculations: Complete the following chart
pH pOH [H] [OH] Acid-Base?
2.34.5
3.4x10-
5
4.6x10-9
7
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How do we know if something is a strong or weak acid/base?
We must calculate a value for the ionic dissociation for that substance.
ACIDKa = acid dissociation constant: the ratio
of the concentration of the dissociated form of the acid to the concentration of the undissociated form.
BASEKb = base dissociation constant: the ratio
of the product of the conjugate acid and OH concentrations to the concentration of the conjugate base
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Strong and Weak Acids and Bases • Dependent on how they dissolve in
water• Strong Acids completely ionize in
aqueous solutions• Weak acids only partially ionize in
aqueous solutions• Strong bases dissociate completely
into metal ions and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions
• Weak bases react with water to form OH and the conjugate acid of the base
**Memorize Strong Acids and Bases**
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Memorize the 8 strong acids… all others are weak
• HCl hydrochloric acid
• HNO3 nitric acid• HBr hydrobromic
acid • HIO4 periodic acid
• HI hydroiodic acid • H2SO4 sulfuric acid• HClO4 perchloric
acid • HClO3 chloric acid
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Writing the Ka Expression
• Example HCl + H2O ↔ H3O+ + Cl-
• First you need to write a Keq expression
• Second, water can be eliminated because its concentration is a constant.
• Write the Ka expression for this acid: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ H3O+ + CH3COO-
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Significance of Ka
• Ka indicated the fraction of acid in the ionized form
• Weak acids have small Ka values• Strong acids have large Ka
values because their ionization is more complete
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Writing the Kb Expression
• Example NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
• Remember:
• Kb tells us how weak bases compete for OH- from strong bases
• The smaller the value for Kb, the weaker the base
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Relationships• KW = [H+][OH-]• -log KW = -log([H+][OH-])• -log KW = -log[H+]+ -log[OH-]• pKW = pH + pOH• KW = 1.0 x10-14
• 14.00 = pH + pOH• [H+],[OH-],pH and pOH
Given any one of these we can find the other three.
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Example• Calculate the pH of 2.0 M acetic
acid HC2H3O2 with a Ka 1.8
x10-5
• Calculate pOH, [OH-], [H+]
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A mixture of Weak Acids• The process is the same.• Determine the major species.• The stronger will predominate.• Bigger Ka if concentrations are
comparable• Calculate the pH of a mixture 1.20
M HF (Ka = 7.2 x 10-4) and 3.4 M HOC6H5 (Ka = 1.6 x 10-10)
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Salt Hydrolysis• Most salt solutions are neutral, but
some can be acidic or basic• Salts like sodium chloride and
potassium sulfate are neutralWHY?
• Neutral salts are made from strong acids and strong bases
• Salt Hydrolysis – the cations or anions of the dissolved salt remove H+ from, or donate H+ to water
• A solution is either acidic or basic based on H+ transfer.
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Salt Cations/Anions Effect on pH
In water:• If cation and anion do not react,
then pH = neutral• If cation does not react, but anion
does, then hydroxide is produced, pH = basic
• If cation reacts but anion does not, then H are produced, pH = acidic
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If both react: OH- and H3O+ both produced
1. Anions from strong acids will not change pH (ex: Br-)
2. Anions from a weak acid will increase pH (ex: CN-)
3. Cations from weak bases will decrease pH (ex: CH3NH3
+)4. Group 1A ions will increase pH5. Group 2A ions will decrease pH
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What is the pH of a 0.140M solution of sodium acetate?
C2H3O2- + HOH↔HC2H3O2 + OH-
But what is Kb? KbxKa = Kw Kb = Kw/Ka = 1x10-14/1.8x10-5
Solve for x x = 8.77x10-6 =[OH-]pOH=5.06, pH = 8.94 so the solution is basic.
I 0.140 M 0 0C -x +x +xE 0.140 – x x x
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The Common Ion Effect• When the salt with the anion of a
weak acid is added to that acid,• It reverses the dissociation of the
acid.• Lowers the percent dissociation of the
acid.• The same principle applies to salts
with the cation of a weak base..• The calculations are the same as last
chapter.
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Types of Acids• Monoprotic Acied – one acidic hydrogen• Polyprotic Acids- more than 1 acidic
hydrogen (diprotic, triprotic).• Oxyacids - Proton is attached to the oxygen
of an ion.• Organic acids contain the Carboxyl group -
COOH with the H attached to O• Generally very weak.• H2SO3 ↔ H+ + HSO3
- Ka1 = 1.7 x 10-2
• HSO3- ↔ H+ + SO3
2- Ka2 = 6.4 x 10-8
• Why is K smaller?• It is always easier to remove the first
proton
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Structure and Acid-Base Properties
• Any molecule with an H in it is a potential acid.
• The stronger the X-H bond the less acidic (compare bond dissociation energies).
• The more polar the X-H bond the stronger the acid (use electronegativities).
• The more polar H-O-X bond -stronger acid.
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Strength of oxyacids• The more oxygen hooked to the
central atom, the more acidic the hydrogen.
• HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO
• Remember that the H is attached to an oxygen atom.
• The oxygens are electronegative• Pull electrons away from
hydrogen
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Strength of oxyacids
Electron Density
Cl
O H
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Strength of oxyacids
Electron Density
Cl
O HO
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Strength of oxyacids
Cl
O H
O
O
Electron Density
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Strength of oxyacids
Cl
O H
O
O
O
Electron Density
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Calculate the Concentration
• Of all the ions in a solution of 1.00 M Arsenic acid H3AsO4
Ka1 = 5.0 x 10-3
Ka2 = 8.0 x 10-8
Ka3 = 6.0 x 10-10
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Sulfuric acid is special
• In first step it is a strong acid.• Ka2 = 1.2 x 10-2
• Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 M solution of H2SO4
• Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 x 10-3 M solution of H2SO4
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Hydrated metals
• Highly charged metal ions pull the electrons of surrounding water molecules toward them.
• Make it easier for H+ to come off.
Al+3 OH
H
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Acid-Base Properties of Oxides
• Non-metal oxides dissolved in water can make acids.
• SO3 (g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)• Ionic oxides dissolve in water to
produce bases.• CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq)
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Lewis Acids and Bases
• Most general definition.• Acids are electron pair
acceptors.• Bases are electron pair donors.
B FF
F
:NH
HH
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Lewis Acids and Bases
• Boron triflouride wants more electrons.
B FF
F
:NH
HH
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Lewis Acids and Bases
• Boron triflouride wants more electrons.
• BF3 is Lewis base NH3 is a Lewis Acid.
BFF
FN
H
HH
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Lewis Acids and Bases
Al+3 ( )H
HO
Al ( )6
H
HO
+ 6
+3
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Buffers• Solutions in which the pH remains
relatively constant when small amounts of acid of base are added.
• Acidic Buffer – composed of a weak acid and one of its salts
• Basic Buffer – composed of a weak base and one of its salts
• Buffer Capacity – the amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer solution before a significant change in pH occurs
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Buffers have the ability to acquire or give a way a H+, which allows it
to maintain a standard pH
• Example: Ethanoic Acid/Ethanoate system
(Acetic Acid / Acetate)CH3COO- + H+ ↔ CHCOOHCH3COOH + OH- ↔ CHCOO- + H2OBoth reactions occur simultaneously
to maintain pH
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pH of Buffers
• To determine pH of Buffers, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
• Calculate the pH of a solution that is .50 M HAc and .25 M NaAc (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5)
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Calculate the pH of the following mixtures
1. 0.75 M lactic acid (HC3H5O3) and 0.25 M sodium lactate (Ka = 1.4 x 10-4)
2. 0.25 M NH3 and 0.40 M NH4Cl (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)
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Titration Curves
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pH
mL of Base added
7
• Strong acid with strong Base• Equivalence at pH 7
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pH
mL of Base added
>7
Weak acid with strong Base Equivalence at pH >7
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pH
mL of Base added
7
Strong base with strong acid
Equivalence at pH 7
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pH
mL of Base added
<7
Weak base with strong acid
Equivalence at pH <7
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Summary• Strong acid and base just
stoichiometry.• Determine Ka, use for 0 mL base• Weak acid before equivalence point
–Stoichiometry first–Then Henderson-Hasselbach
• Weak acid at equivalence point Kb• Weak base after equivalence -
leftover strong base.
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Summary• Determine Ka, use for 0 mL
acid.• Weak base before equivalence
point.–Stoichiometry first–Then Henderson-Hasselbach
• Weak base at equivalence point Ka.
• Weak base after equivalence - leftover strong acid.
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Indicators• Weak acids that change color when
they become bases.• weak acid written HIn• Weak base• HIn H+ + In- clear red• Equilibrium is controlled by pH• End point - when the indicator
changes color.
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Indicators• Since it is an equilibrium the color
change is gradual.• It is noticeable when the ratio of
[In-]/[HI] or [HI]/[In-] is 1/10• Since the Indicator is a weak acid, it
has a Ka.• pH the indicator changes at is.• pH=pKa +log([In-]/[HI]) = pKa
+log(1/10) • pH=pKa - 1 on the way up
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Indicators• pH=pKa + log([HI]/[In-])
= pKa + log(10)• pH=pKa+1 on the way down• Choose the indicator with a pKa one
less than the pH at equivalence point if you are titrating with base.
• Choose the indicator with a pKa one greater than the pH at equivalence point if you are titrating with acid.
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