Download - Unit 3: Structures, Stones and Ceramics
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS
6 – ACTIVITIES
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WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?
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WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?
Technology is the practical application of knowledge (science) and skills
(techniques) to create solutions which satisfy our needs or solve our
problems.
SCIENCE TECHNIQUE
TECHNOLOGY
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1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
There are many different forces in nature:
Gravity
The force of the wind
Mechanical forces that move machines
Pressures of gases in closed containers
The force created by our own muscles
1. 1 – FORCES
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
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WHAT IS THE FORCE?
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
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1. 1 – FORCES
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
A force is anything that can deform a body (static effect) or change its
state of movement or rest (dynamic effect)
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
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1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
A structure is the set of elements in a body that are intended to resist the
effects of the forces that act on it
A structure:
• Prevents a body from breaking
• Prevents a body to becoming too deformed
The forces that act on a structure are called loads
Classwork:
Now you have to do activities: 3,4 and 5
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1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
There are two main types of loads:
• Permanent: don´t vary over time
• For instance: Own weight
• Variable: are occasional and changeable
• For instance: the weight of snow on a roof
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1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. –
FO
RC
ES
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S
Loads act on bodies, causing internal tension. These tensions are called
stresses.
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
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2 – STREESES
2. –
ST
RE
SS
ES
The internal tensions are called stresses. It happens to all bodies
subjected to the applying of one or more forces on them
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. –
ST
RE
SS
ES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction: The force try to stretch the object
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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. –
ST
RE
SS
ES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending: The force try to bend a body.
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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. –
ST
RE
SS
ES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending
• Compression: The force try to flatten a body.
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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. –
ST
RE
SS
ES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending
• Compression
• Torsion: The force try to twist a body.
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
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3. – STONES
3. –
ST
ON
ES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the Earth:
• Marble:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions
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3. – STONES
3. –
ST
ON
ES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the earth:
• Marble
• Granite:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions
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3. – STONES
3. –
ST
ON
ES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the Earth:
• Marble
• Granite
• Slate:
• Hard
• Dense
• Waterproof
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. –
ST
ON
ES
In stones you can also find different sized of granules and fragments:
• Sand
• Gravel
SAND + GRAVEL
ASPHALT BINDERS
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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. –
ST
ON
ES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster:
• High density
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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. –
ST
ON
ES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement:
• High density
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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. –
ST
ON
ES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement
• Mortar:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions
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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. –
ST
ON
ES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement
• Mortar
• Concrete:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
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4. – CERAMICS
4. –
CE
RA
MIC
S
We make ceramics with clay. The process have several stages. There are
two main groups:
• Whiteware:
• Impermeable
• Structure ceramics:
• Permeable
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS
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5. – GLASS
5. –
GL
AS
S
Glass is a transparent or translucent material that can have different
textures and colours. Its characteristics are:
• Waterproof
• Smooth
• Hard
• Fragile
• Resistant to environmental conditions
• Resistant to chemical elements
• Termal and electrical insulator
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5. – GLASS
5. –
GL
AS
S
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing
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5. – GLASS
5. –
GL
AS
S
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing
• Float glass making
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5. – GLASS
5. –
GL
AS
S
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing
• Float glass making
• Lamination
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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS
6 – ACTIVITIES