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ìUnit7:SecondarySector
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SecondarySector
Constructioninvolvesbuildingsandinfrastructure.
Itrequiresmanyrawmaterialsandworkforce.
Energyproductiontransformsfuelintoformsofenergy,suchasheatorelectricity.Largefacilitiesareneededinorderto
accomplishthatprocessandthereareseveralwaysto
produceenergy.
Industrytransformsrawmaterialsintofinished(fordirectconsumption)orsemi-finished(usedas
materialsinotherindustrialprocesses)products.
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History
ì Before industry existed craftsmenmanufacturedproducts anditwasmostlyfocusedonself-consumption:ì Industrydevelopedduring the IndustrialRevolution in the
18thcentury.ì Industrialprocessinvolves:
ì Machinesareusedasasourceofenergy.ì Workersdotheirtasksinacertainplacecalledfactory.ì Thereisworkdivisionbywhicheveryworkerisspecialised.
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Machines
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Necessaryelementsinindustry.ì I n d u s t r y n e e d s s om e
elementstodevelop:ì Raw materials are the
na tura l p roduct s tha tindustry transforms intofinishedproducts.
ì Energy sources are thosenatural resources thatprovide the power so thattheindustrialtransformationmaybeaccomplished.
ì Production factors areworkers, the capital andtechnology.
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ì Industryisbasicinthedevelopmentofacountry;henceanindustrialisedcountryisassociatedtoadevelopedcountry.Onthecontrary,anon-industrialisedcountryisconsideredunderdeveloped.
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1.1.Rawmaterialsì They are resources that are transformed process into finished or
semi-finished products through industry. Raw materials can havedifferentorigins:ì Animalorigin,suchasmilk,leather,silkorwool.ì Vegetableorigin,likerubber(caucho),cotton,woodorflax(lino).ì Mineralorigin,ithasseveralcategories:ì Metallic minerals. We can find iron, bauxite, copper, lead
(plomo),zinc,nickel,gold,silver,ì platinum...ì Non-metallic minerals, such as phosphates, clay (arcilla),
limestone(caliza),marble,gypsum(yeso),kaolin,salt,ì sulphur...ì Energymineralslikepetrol,coal,naturalgas,uranium...ì Artificialorigin,likeplastic,PVC,rayon(textilartificial),nylon...
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1.2.Energysources
twokindsofsources:
Renewablesources.Theyareobtained
fromunlimitednaturalresources.They
developedaftertheoilcrisisof1973.
Non-renewablesources.Theycomefromlimitednaturalresourcesthatcanbeusedup.Mostofthemhavefossilorigins.
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Non-renewableenergy:ì Coal. Its origin comes fromvegetables
that have been buried under theground or shallow water (aguassuperficiales)anditisdecomposedandsolidified until they have beenconverted into minerals with a lot ofcarbon.ì Coal is used for producing
electricity in power stations or forheatingsystems.
ì It represents 22% of all theconsumedenergy.
ì USA,China,India,Australia,Russia,andSouthAfricaarethemainproducers.
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Non-renewableenergy:ì Oil(Petroleum).Itistheresultofaccumulatedplanktononthebottomof
the sea which becomes hydrocarbon because of pressure andtemperatures. Once extracted, oil needs to be refined. Some productsmaybeobtainedfromoil,suchasgasoline,gasoil,butane,kerosene,lubricants,plastic,asphalt...ì It is used for industry, means of transportation, and to produce
electricityinthermalplants.ì Itrepresents42%ofalltheconsumedenergy.ì SaudiArabia,Russia,Iraq,Iran,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUSA,
Mexico, and Venezuela are some of the main producers whichcreated theOrganisationofPetroleumExportingCountries (OPEC)in1960,whichcontrolscirca78%ofworld’sreserves.
ì The biggest consumers are the industrialised and most populatedcountries because of industry, transportation and homeconsumption.
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OIL
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OIL
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Non-renewableenergy:
ì Natural gas. Its origin isrelated to oil and it mayappear together in a pocketabove. Some other times gasisfoundwithnopetrol.ì It is used for industry,
homes, for production ofelectricity.Itrepresents23%ofalltheconsumedenergy.
ì T h e m a i n p r o d u c i n gcountries are Russia, USA,C a n ad a , t h e UK , t h eNetherlands, Norway, andAlgeria.
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Non-renewableenergy:ì Nuclear energy. It is based on the
use of minerals with radioactiveelements,suchasuranium.ì It is mostly used to generate
electricity in nuclear powerstations through a process ofnuclearfission.
ì It causes many environmentalproblems to store itswasteandthere are risks of nuclearaccidents.
ì Many nuclear power stationshavebeenshutdowntopreventany risk. It represents 7% of alltheconsumedenergy.
ì The main producing countriesare the USA, France, Germany,andJapan.
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Renewableenergy:
ì Hydroelectricpower.Itisgenerated by using thepower of falling watermasses from a certainheight.ì W a t e r t u r b i n e s
transform that waterinto energy, mostlyelectricity.
ì It is used in industrya n d h o m e s a selectricity.
ì It represents 7% of allthe consumed energy.China, USA, Canada,Brazil, and Russia arethemainproducers.
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Renewableenergy:ì Solarenergy.Electricityisobtainedby
theheat causedby the sunbeams. Itis captured by solar panels withphotovoltaiccells.
ì •Therearetwotypesofsolarenergy:ì Thermal solar uses collectors to
capturetheSun’sheatandmakewater hot, which flows throughtubes inthecollectorandcanbestoredintanks.
ì Photovoltaicgenerateselectricitydirectlyfromsunlight.
ì I ts problems base on theirregularity of insolation and thedifficulty of storage. The USA,Germany, Australia, and Canadaaremainproducers.
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Renewableenergy:ì Wind power . E lec t r i c i t y i s
generated by using the power ofwind which is collected by largemills that move that energy toturbines.ì It causes electricity basing on
the number of mills (windturbines)andwindspeed.
ì These wind turbines can be onlandoroffshore.
ì Its problems are the irregularityof the wind and the visual andacoustic impact of the windturbines.Germany, Spain, Denmark, andtheUSAarethemainproducingcountries.
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Renewableenergy:ì Biomass energy. It is produced
by recyclingwaste (agricultural,animal,industrial,urban...).ì Thatwaste isburntand itgets
heat and gases that producefuel and gas for domesticheatingsystemsandindustries.
ì The USA, Sweden, and Francearethemainproducers.
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Renewableenergy:ì Geothermal energy. It makes
the use of internal heat of theEarth (either hot springs orwatervapour).ì It is mostly used for heating
sys tem and to p roduceelectricity.
ì Itsmainproblem is that is canjustbeproduced inareaswithvolcanic or seismic activities.The main producers are theUSA, Iceland, the Philippines,andMexico.
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Renewableenergy:
ì Tidalpower(alsowavepower).ì It bases on the use of waves
a n d t i d e s t o p r o d u c eelectricity.
ì It is very little used since itrequiresahighinvestmentanditmaydamageenvironment.
ì The current main producingcountries are France, the UK,andCanada.
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Electricity
ì Themainsecondaryenergyiselectricity,whichisproducedbythedifferentpreviousprocesses.Itcannotbeextracted,soitneedstobeproduced.ì Itcanbetransportedeasilyoverlongdistances.ì Itisacleanenergysinceitdoesnotgenerateanywaste.ì Itconvertseasilytoothertypesofenergy.
ì Itcanbeobtainedbythermalpowerstations,nuclearpowerstationsorthoughrenewablemeanssuchassolar,wind,hydroelectricpowers.
ì Theconsumptionofenergymeasuresthedevelopmentofacountryorregion:
ì Itisquitehighinthedevelopedcountriesduetotheirhighlevelsofindustrialisation.
ì Manycountriesconsumemoreenergythatwhattheyproduce;hencetheyimportitfromabroad.
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1.3.Humanresources
ì Theyarethepeoplewhointerveneintheproducingprocess.
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ì In the developedcoun t r i e s t hew o r k i n gcondit ions arecontrolled, suchasworkinghours,wages, freedomo f s t r i k e ,unemploymentsubsidies, paidho l i d a y s , a ndhealthinsurance
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ì Instead,inthedevelopingcountriesworkingdaysarereallylong,therearenotbreaks,and thereareminimumhealthandsafety standards.Moreover, salariesare lowandworkersdonothavepaidholidays,unemploymentbenefitsorhealthinsurance.
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1.4.Capitalì 1.4.Capitalì Capitalisneededforindustrialactivitiesanditiscomposedof
money,buildings,machinery...ì Itcanbeprovidedbyprivatecompanies,publiccompanies
(ownedbytheState)orboth(mixedcompanies).ì Moneyisbasicforsetuptheindustryandtopaytheworkers.
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Companies
ì Companieshavedifferentcharacteristics:ì They can be individual (one person provides the capital) or
collective(severalpeopledoit).ì Theycanbesmall (lessthan50workers),medium-sized(50-249
workers)orlarge(equalormorethan250workers).InSpainitiscommontohavesmall-andmedium-sizedcompanies(pymes).
ì Multinationals are those companies that work worldwidealthough their see may be in the USA, Japan or Europe. Theymostly work on food, automobiles, chemistry, electronics, andcomputing.
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Companies
ì Companiesmergetoincreasetheirprofits;hencetherecanbethreekindsofprocesses:ì Verticalintegration(cartel).Itisthegroupingofcompanies
that participate in all the different stages of production.They integrate from the extraction of raw materials untilthesaleoftheproduce.
ì Horizontalconcentration(trust).Companiesinvolvedinthesameindustrialactivityjoin.
ì Financial concentration (holding). Some companies investmoney in other companies to control over differentindustrialsectors.
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2.TYPESOFINDUSTRY
ì 2.1.Heavyindustry
ì 2.2.Capitalgoodsindustry
ì 2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry
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2.1.Heavyindustry
Heavyindustrytransformsrawmaterialsintosemi-finishedproductsandithasthefollowingcharacteristics:
ì Highinvestmentinrawmaterialsandenergysources.
ì Theyarelocatedclosetothedepositsofrawmaterialsandenergysources,ornexttoreceivingcentres,suchasharbours(puertos).
ì Theyareverypolluting;hencetheyareoutsidetownsandcities.
ì Theyneedlargespacestosettletheirfacilities.
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Metallurgicalindustry.
ì Thistypeofindustryproducesmetalsandmetalproducts.
ì Thesectorthatproducessteelandironiscalledsiderurgicalindustry.ì ThemainironproducersareChina,Brazil,AustraliaandIndia.ì ThemainsteelproducersareChina,Europe,theUSA,Japan,andRussia.
ì Theindustryofaluminiumisveryimportantsinceitisahighlydemandedmetalforotherindustriessuchasautomobile,shipbuilding,high-tensionlines...ì ItisverydevelopedincountrieslikeChina,Russia,Canada,theUSA,and
Australia.
ì Theindustryofcopperismostlyusedforelectricity,automobiles,andaeronauticalindustry.ì Chile,Japan,Russia,andChinaarethemainproducingcountries.
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Heavychemicalindustry.
ì Itproducesproductsthatarenecessaryforotherindustries.
ì Itmakessulphuricacid,nitrogen,phosphates,causticsodaandderivatesfromoilandcoal.
ì ThemainproducersaretheUSA,Canada,Germany,Mexico,JapanandRussia.
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2.2.Capitalgoodsindustryì Capitalgoodsindustrytransformsthesemi-finishedproductsfromheavyindustryintofinished
goods.
ì ItismostlylocatedintheUSA,Europe,Russia,Japan,andsomeSoutheastAsiancountries.
ì Therearemanytypesofindustrythatbelongtothissector:ì Constructionmaterials.Itproducescementandconcrete.ì Industrialandagriculturalmachinery.Itmakesmachinesandequipmentfor
ì agriculturalandindustrialmachinery.ì Aeronautics:planes,helicopters,lightaircraft.ì Navalindustry:boats.ì Railwaymaterial:tracksandcarriages.
ì Aerospace.Itproducesspacesatellites,andspaceships.ì Timberandpaper.Itmakeswoodpulpandpaper.ì Electrical,electronicandcomputing.Itmakesdevicesthatimproveindustrialprocesses
suchasmicroprocessors,microchips,robots,computingequipmentsandprogrammes,microscopes...
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2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry
Consumergoodsindustrymakesproductswhicharedonefordirectconsumption:
ì Itconsumesveryfewrawmaterialsandenergyresourcescomparedtoheavyandcapitalgoodsindustry.
ì Itislesspollutingbutitmodifieslandscape.
ì Itisnormallylocatednexttocitiesortransportknotsinindustrialparks.
ì Therecanbedifferentkindsofindustriesinthissector:food,lightchemicalproducts,electronicsandcomputing,textiles...
ì Thesizeoftheseindustriesvariesalot.
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ì Food i ndus t r y . I tt r a n s f o r m s a n dmanipulateseverytypeo f f o o d ( m e a t ,vegetable, fish, anddairy products). TheUK, Switzerland, theU S A , a n d t h eNetherlands are themainproducers.
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Automobile industry. It makes industrial vehicles (vans, lorries, buses...)andvehicles for individualuse (cars,motorbikes). It iscommon inEurope,Japan, the USA, and some East Asian countries such as South Korea andChina.This sub-sector also stimulates the creation of other industrial branchessuch as tires, windscreens, textile products, computing and electronicsystems...
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Light chemical industry. It makes pharmaceutical, photographic, cosmeticproducts, and plastics. France, Germany, the UK and Italy are majorproducers.
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Electronicsandcomputingindustry.Itmakesequipmentssuchascomputers,televisions,telephones,multimediarecordersandplayers,cameras...ItiswidelydevelopedinEurope,theUSA,Japan,China,andSouthKorea.
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Textileindustry.Itincludessomegroupslikespinningandweaving,clothingindustryandotherarticles(rugs,handbags,belts,shoes...).Itusesbothnaturalrawmaterials(flax,wool,cotton,silk...)andsyntheticrawmaterials(rayon,nylon,Tergal,viscose...).ThetraditionalproducerswereFrance,Belgium,theUK,andtheNetherlands,althoughtheyhavebeenrecentlyreplacedbyChina.
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3.INDUSTRIALSPACE
There are some factors that affect the location ofindustries:
ì Proximitytorawmaterialsandenergysources.ì Existenceofpopulationthatcanwork in itandbuy
itsproducts.ì Meansoftransportationandcommunication.
ì Economicdevelopmentoftheareaandpresenceof
otherindustries.ì Supplyandpriceofthesoil.ì Policiesthatfavourindustrialisation.
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Asstatedbeforethelocationofthedifferentsub-sectorschange:• Heavyindustryisusuallylocatednexttomineraldepositsandsourcesofenergy
orclosetoreceivingareas(harbours).• Lightindustryisusuallyclosetomarkets,knotsofcommunicationandpopulated
areas.
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Typesofindustrialspace:
ì Dispersed spaces:There are isolateda nd d i s p e r s edindustries.
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Typesofindustrialspace:
ì Groupedspaces.Theyare industrialareasontheperipheryofthecities.Therecanbe:ì Industrialpark.Theyare in thesuburbsof thecities.They
have large premises for industry and services such ascafeteriasorrestaurants.Lightindustryiscommonhere.
ì Technology park. They are really environmental spaceswherehigh tech industry is located. There is also researchcentreslinkedtothemsuchasuniversities.
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Industrialpark.
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Technologypark
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4.CHANGESININDUSTRIALPRODUCTION
ì Processesofindustrialproduction.
ì Constantinnovations.
ì Newmaterials.
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Processesofindustrialproduction
ì Assembly l inesh a v e b e e nr obo t i s ed andmany computerp r o g r a m m e s ,digital technologya n dcommunicat ionnetworks havebeen introducedto produce moreinlesstime.
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Constantinnovations.
ì Companies and governmentsinvest in RDI; hence there is ac on s t an t r enova t i on o ftechnology and how it isapplied in industry. Largecompanieshave their ownRDIdepartmentsorcooperatewithuniversities.
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Newmaterials.
ì More quality and ecologicalproducts have been madebecause of the application ofnew technologies: Polymerconcrete(lightmaterialusedinconstruction, it does not usecement, but polymers), Biopol(biodegradableplastic),Nomex(plastic that can resist hight e m p e r a t u r e s ) . M a n yi ndus t r i e s u se recyc l edmaterialstoproducenewones(scrapmetaltoproducesteel).
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5.ENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCES
ì Industry has modified theappearance o f c i t i es ,harbours,andareasclosetomines. It has caused somenegative effects on theenvironment. In order tog e t s u s t a i n a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t s o m emeasuresmustbe taken tobalance economic growtha n d t o p r o t e c t t h eenvironment.
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Thenegativeeffectsare:ì Overexploitation of natural resources, such as raw materials and
energysources.
ì Industrialwastepolluteswaterssinceitisthrowntoriversandseas.
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Smokeandgasespollutetheatmosphereandcausethefollowingeffects:
ì Acid rain. Some energy
sourcessuchascoalandpetrol produce acids(dioxidesulphurSO2anddioxide nitrogen NO2)that mix with waterv a p o u r i n t h eatmosphere and fall asra in . I t causes thereduction of the growtho f t h e t r e e s ,impoverishes the soiland it increases theacidity of waters (rivers,lakes),whatkillsfish.
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Greenhouseeffect.
ì The emission ofCO2byindustryandtransport increasest e m p e r a t u r e sbecause the heatthat comes fromso lar rad iat ionsdoesnotgoaway.Ita l s o c a u s e s achange in rainfalla nd w i nd s andthaws perpetual iceareas.
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Ozonelayer
ì Reduction of theo z o n e l a y e r ,which protectsusefromUVRays.It iscausedbytheuse of severalgasessuchasCFC,which have beenbanned.
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Thecorrectivemeasurescanbe:
ì To promote clean technology by implementing purificationsystems,filters...
ì Theremustbeenvironmentalpoliciesinordertoimprove:ì Wastemanagementmustbeimprovedbyrecyclingandby
usingbiodegradablematerials.ì Environmental impact studies should be done before
settingupafactorytoanalyseitsconsequences.ì To rehabilitate the degraded and abandoned industrial
areas.
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To reduce the consumptionof resources and to recyclewaste.Somemeasurescouldbeaccomplished:
ì Raw materials may bebet ter exp lo i ted bymanufactur ing moredurable products and byrecyclingmaterials.
ì To save energy and touse renewable energysources.