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Unit 9: The Tang & Song Dynasties, the Mongols & The
Ming Dynasty
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Review: Classical China
During the Classical Era, the emperors of
Han China created large empire & developed
numerous innovationsCivil service exams for gov’t employees based on Confucian teachings
Silk-making technology that attracted trade from outside China
The Silk Road trade route brought Chinese luxury goods to Europe & Asia
and increased cultural diffusion
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Post-Classical China Like the Roman
Empire, Classical China under the
Han Dynasty entered an era of decline &
eventually fell
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After the Han Dynasty collapsed in 220 A.D., no emperor was strong enough to unify China
Over the next 350 years, more than 30 local dynasties rose & fell
Confucian principles that emphasized hard work, the
subordination of the individual to community
needs, and the belief in the rational order of the
universe came under severe challenge
Some began to turn to Daoism and to beliefs
that emphasized a heavenly salvation.
Mahayana Buddhism also spread to China,
embraced by both intellectual and
common people alike. (Cultural Assimilation)
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In 589, China was unified again & a strong central
government was restored by Sui Wendi (Sui Dynasty).
The Sui’s the restoration of the civil
service system allowed intelligent bureaucrats
(scholar-officials) to help manage the
empire The Sui emperor’s greatest accomplishment was the completion of the Grand Canal that connected the
Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River.
During the subsequent Tang & Song Dynasties, China experienced an extended “golden age” & became the
richest, most powerful, & most advanced country in the world
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Tang Dynasty (618-907)■ Tang Taizong –Brilliant general who
reconquered northern and western lands of China– Extended Influence to Korea
■ Empress Wu Zhao–Held real power while weak
emperors sat on throne.–Only female to take title of
emperor
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The Golden Age of Post-Classical China■ Text
For the 1st time in China’s history,
emperors encouraged foreign trade
Tang Emperors did their best to try to protect and expand roads and trade
along the Silk Road
Chinese merchants relied on ocean routes as well to trade with India & Arabia
Increased trade led to the spread of Chinese culture (centralized gov’t, civil service system, Confucianism, & writing)
to Korea, Japan, & Southeast Asia Tang Taizong lowered taxes and took lands
from wealthy and redistributed them to
the peasants
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Increased trade helped spread Mahayana Buddhism throughout
China- Easier for ordinary people to
follow. - Picture Buddha as one of many
gods.
The Tang built an empire by taking over Central Asia all the way to Afghanistan. Korea, Vietnam and Tibet and Korea/become tributary states
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The Tang Dynasty Collapses
■Mandate of Heaven–Tang reimposed high taxes.–Peasants’ lives became harsh.–Government corruption–Arab armies defeated Chinese –Internal rebellions led to Chinese
rebels sacking the Tang capital and murdering the last Tang Emperor.
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The Song Dynasty (960-1279)■ Founded by Song Taizu■ Stable, Powerful, and Prosperous■ Unable to reclaim lost territories of the Han
and Tang Dynasties.–Paid for peace through tribute of silver, silk,
and tea■ Invasions from Manchurian people called the
Jurchen and forced the Song to move south to Hangzhou.
■ Trading in Southern Asia would increase due to this move.
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Chinese Innovations■The Tang & Song dynasties were eras of
major technological advancement: –The technologies helped make China the
most advanced country in the world –Much of China’s technology spread to
other people across trade routesClass Activity:
As a class, let’s try and guess what each of the following
10 Chinese innovations are
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1. Mechanical Clock
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2. Magnetic compass
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3. Gunpowder
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4. Printing Press with Block printing and then Moveable Type
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5. Paper money
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6. Ship building with sternpost rudder and lug sail
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7. Smallpox Vaccination
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8. Spinning Wheel for Silk weaving
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9. Porcelain
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Changes in Chinese Society under the Tang and Song Dynasties
Foot Binding:Crippled for life.Broken arch.Symbolized the declining status of women in Tang/Song China Periods
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Expansion of Civil Service Exam■Three Levels of Examinations–1st – Qualifying Exam given every year.
(Passage leads to local jobs).–2nd – Second Exam given at the
provincial capital every 3 years (Passage led individuals to apply for bureaucratic positions–3rd – Final Exam given every 3 years
(Passage makes individual eligible to high positions in bureaucracy.)
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The End of the Golden Age ■Despite the wealth & culture during under
the Tang & Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown by the Mongols–From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads
called the Mongols ruled China
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Who were the Mongols? Read about the Mongols & write 3 facts
that you learned from the reading
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Who were the Mongols?
The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who
lived in Central Asia
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Who were the Mongols?
Mongol life centered on herding animals,
especially horses
Mongols lived as nomadic clans, constantly searching
for better pasture lands
The Mongols lived in the harsh climate of the Eurasian steppe,
an area with little rain & extreme temperatures
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Who were the Mongols? As a result of their lifestyle, the Mongols were tough warriors who occasionally raided nearby settlements
From 1200 to 1206, a clan leader named Genghis
Khan unified the Mongols
Genghis Khan built a powerful Mongol army
& began a 21-year conquest of Eurasia
“Man’s highest joy is in victory: to conquer one’s enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their
possessions, to make their beloved weep, to ride on
their horses, and to embrace their wives and
daughters.” – Genghis Khan
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Central Asia
Under Genghis & later khans, the Mongols conquered…Russia
China
Korea
the Islamic Empire
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How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Mongol soldiers were excellent horsemen; Used the horse saddle
to shoot arrows while riding
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How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Genghis was a brilliant military organizer & strategist, but his
greatest tactic was terror & fear
If an enemy refused to surrender, Genghis would order the death of the entire population
As the Mongol reputation spread, many towns
surrendered to Genghis without a fight
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“In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that
they may appear there too.” (Arab historian)
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The Impact of the Mongol EmpireThe Mongols were merciless in battle,
but tolerant as rulers
Mongol khans (rulers) often adopted parts of the culture
of the people they conquered
In the West, Mongols converted to Islam
In the East, Mongols embraced Chinese culture
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The Impact of the Mongol EmpireMongol khans
brought stability & order to Eurasia
The era from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s is called the
Pax Mongolica (“Mongol Peace”)
During the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage across the
Silk Road
As a result, trade & cultural diffusion increased between
Europe & Asia
Chinese technologies like gunpowder &
the magnetic compass reached Europe
But diseases like the plague (Black Death) reached Europe too
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After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates
each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis
The khanate in Persia helped control the
Silk Road
The Mongol destruction of Kiev increased the
importance of Moscow in Russia
The Mongols were the first non-Muslims to rule over the Islamic Empire
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After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates
each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis But the most significant khanate was the Mongol
rule over China In 1279, Genghis’
grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign
leader to rule China
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Kublai Khan Kublai Khan united China and began a new era in China called the
Yuan Dynasty
Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian
capital to Beijing, China
But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov’t offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government
Mongols had little in common with the Chinese and tended to live separate lives and obeyed different laws.
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Kublai proved to be a good emperor
for China
He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve
transportation in China
Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to
the Pax Mongolica
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Marco PoloIn 1275, a European merchant named
Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court
Kublai was so impressed with Marco Polo that he
employed him in the Yuan gov’t for 17 years
When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1292, his stories of
China increased European demand for Asian trade
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By the time of Kublai’s death in 1294, the entire Mongol Empire was growing weak
In 1368, Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongols & started the Ming Dynasty
In 1330, the Mongols lost control of Persia
In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia
In 1480, under Ivan III Russia gained independence from Mongol rule &
started the Romanov Dynasty
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In 1368, the Chinese, led by Ming Hongwu, overthrew the Mongols & established the
Ming Dynasty• Economic revival• Restore civil service system• Confucian learning restored• Industries include papermaking,
Porcelain and tools• Food surplus/new crops from
Americas- sweet potato & corn in 1500’s• Improved printing – more books• Blue and white porcelain-important
export
Yongle, the Ming emperor encourage overseas trade…
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…and began a series of explorations led by Zheng He to
demonstrate Chinese superiority
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Read the excerpt from Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet Expeditions With a fleet of over 100 ships,
Zheng He led 7 different expeditions
Zheng He explored areas along the Indian Ocean & Africa, expand trade,
& collected tribute from foreigners
Zheng He had better ships & traveled farther than any European explorers would for 100 years
Zheng He brought back, from Africa, giraffes which were placed in the Imperial Zoo.
(Soothsayers identified them with the coming of good
government.)
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Chinese Isolation■After the 7th treasure fleet voyage in 1433,
Chinese leaders unexpectedly ended the expeditions & retreated into isolationism–Scholar-officials complained that Zheng
He’s voyages used valuable resources that were needed to defend China –China’s official trade policy was to keep
the influence of outsiders to a minimum–China’s geography & gov’t policies kept
it relatively isolated for the next 300 years until European merchants in the 1800s demanded access to Chinese trade