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Unit 9: World War 2 (1939-45)
Winning the War in Europe and the Pacific Theaters
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Hitler’s Fortress Europe December 31, 1941
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Sicily, July 1943
El Alamein, Oct. 1942
Stalingrad, 1942-43
1944
Tebessa
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The Battle of Stalingrad (Sept. 42 – Feb. 43)
• True turning point of war in Europe!
• Fought deep in Russia (USSR)
• Brutal house -house; block -block fighting
• 330,000 Ger dead or captured; 1 Million USSR dead
• Germany forced to retreat!
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North Africa Campaign(1940 – May 1943)
• Two goals: take pressure off U.S.S.R. & establish base to attack Italy!
• Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower or “Ike” leads the U.S. invasion in Nov. 1942 to join British.
• US and Gen. George S. Patton (aka. Blood & Guts) helped British force Axis surrender in Tunisia. Meet in Casablanca, Morocco in Jan. 1943 to plan next step.
• 240,000 Axis troops captured and Allies were in control of N. Africa!
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Invasions of Sicily and Italy(July 1943 – April 1945)
• Gen. Patton and Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower with British invade island amphibiously and Sicily surrendered in 38 days; Mussolini rescued and sent to Milan, Italy to rule “puppet state”
• Allied advance was slow and hard up the “bloody boot.”
• Italy surrendered Sept. 3, 1943, but Hitler would not give up Italy easily!
• Battle of Anzio (May 44) led to capture of Rome
• Mussolini killed in April 28, 1945 by Italian mob
• 190,000 US; 500,000 Germans died!
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D-Day Invasion of Normandy (France) June 6, 1944)
• Deception was key for invasion to work
• Ike said 85% may die• 23,000 Airborne troops and gliders
dropped behind lines• 47 Divisions (21 US, 26 UK & Canada +
others) & 4400 ships hit 5 beaches at dawn on D-Day - 150,000 troops.
• 2,000 US casualties on Omaha and Utah beaches (4200 Allies)
• 500,000 by week’s end & 1 Million Allies in France by end of June!
• Paris liberated Aug. 24, 1944 and its on to Berlin, Germany!
60 Miles Wide – 150,000 troops began to wade ashore at dawn.
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The Battle of the Bulge(Dec. 1944 – Jan. 1945)
• A German surprise counter attack in Belgium to break Allied lines.
• Gen. Patton moved his 250,000 army in 3 days from W. France to help stop the “bulge!”
• US held at Bastogne, Belgium and by Christmas Day the skies had cleared and airborne troops and bombs stopped the advance.
• Greatest battle in W. Eur. 80,000 US; 100,000 Ger casualties
• Germany would never again mount another offensive in the war.
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V-E Day! May 8, 1945
• FDR died April 12, 1945• Germany surrendered to
Allies!• US, Br, and USSR in
Berlin (USSR 1st in)• Hitler (Apr. 30, 1945)
suicide• Harry Truman US
President
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December 7, 1941: A Day of Infamy!
7:55 AM – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
18 warships (8 battleships); USS Arizona 1177 died on one ship!
400 planes 2400 dead and 1200
wounded America was awakened
and vowed revenge!
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The Battle of Midway (June 4-6, 1942)
May 7-8, 42 – The Battle of Coral Sea –US lost one carrier, Jap. drive to Port Morseby and Australia stopped!
June 4-6, 1942 – The Battle of Midway –Adm. Chester Nimitz sunk 4 carriers
Japan abandoned plans for attacking Fiji, Samoa, and Midway and goes on defensive.
Midway was turning point of Pacific War.
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The Battle of Guadalcanal and Island Hopping Campaign
Aug 7, 1942 – Feb 9, 1943 in the Solomon Islands
20,000 marines invaded to stop another Jap. attempt to capture Port Moresby
Brutal Jungle Warfare Beginning of Island Hopping
– to capture key islands to allow us to eventually bomb Japan
The Jap. withdrew on the night of Feb 9, 43.
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The Battle of Leyte Gulf and Re-conquest of the Philippines
Oct 20, 1944 –US forces wade ashore at Leyte Island to reclaim the Philippines.
General Douglas MacArthur – “I shall return!”
Jap. Imperial Navy crippled in the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct 23-25, 1944). 280 ships engaged + kamikazes used for 1st time.
Greatest naval battle of war and probably in all of history!
Mar 9, 1945 Philippines freed - 80,000 Jap killed (less than 1000 surrendered). 100,000 Filipinos also died.
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Bloody Iwo Jima and Okinawa (Feb - June 1945)
14 –square-mile island less than 700 miles from Jap. was one of the bloodiest of WW 2
110,000 US Marines were opposed by fewer than 25,000 Jap.
1 month for the USMC to take the Island US suffered 25,000 casualties in 35 days 216 Jap. POW’s taken by US!: Get the idea? Apr-Jun 45 – The Battle of Okinawa (350 miles
from Japan) - 180,000 US and Br forces vs.100,000 Jap. who vowed to fight to the death
Jap. pilots flew 2000 kamikaze missions. Only 7200 Jap. surrendered !
US suffered 50,000 casualties and 100,000 Okinawan civilians perished (many commit ted suicide b/c Jap. forces) urged them to.
Extremely costly victories for U.S.
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Manhattan Project Ends War 1941-46 Gen. Leslie Groves and
Sci. J. Robert Oppenheimer lead project
Jul 16, 45 – Los Alamos, NM = successful test
Pres. Truman – Aug 6, 45 Hiroshima – 60 K dead; Aug 9, 45 Nagasaki – 35 K
Some estimates as high as 135,000 dead; 64,000 injured
VJ-Day- Aug 15 & Jap. Formally surrenders Sep 2, 1945