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U N I T I I I
THE RISE OF ISLAM
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MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET
• From Mecca in modern day Saudi Arabia
• Muhammad was a middle aged merchant who claimed the Angel Gabriel asked him to recite the word of God.
• As a Merchant, Muhammad had exposure to the ideas of Judaism and Christianity. • Maybe even Persians
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MUHAMMAD TAKES POLITICAL POWER
• Mecca was already a popular pilgrimage site
• Muhammad was kicked out because Islam threatened the pilgrimage.
• Muhammad and his followers went to Medina• Prayer switches from
Jerusalem to Mecca
• Muhammad became a political and military leader.
• 630 CE Muhammad takes back Mecca
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THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
• Abu Bakr, Muhammad's successor began attacking the Byzantine Empire and recording the Qur'an.
• A vast empire grew out of the principals of Islam in just 200 years.
• Muhammad's successors relentlessly spread the religion through military conquest.
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THE RAPID SPREAD OF ISLAM
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BASIC BELIEFS
• Conquered people do not have to convert, only pay a larger tax.• Followers of Judaism and Christianity are specifically
mentioned in the Qur’an as “people of the book”
Five Pillars of Islam 1. Shahadah- declaring there is no god except God (Allah), and Muhammad is God’s messenger 2. Salat- Prayer five times a day 3. Zekat- Giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor4. Sawm- Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca
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THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
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BASIC BELIEFS
Guiding text:• The Qur'an• Absolute Monotheism • Taking care of those less
fortunate than you • Hadiths; a collection of
sayings and stories about the prophet Muhammad
A believer in Islam is part of the Uma or community of believers
Islam becomes a restoration religion • Muslims believe the Monotheisms before Muhammad
had strayed from purity. • Muslims believe Mohamed was the last prophet sent by
God.
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SHIA- SUNNI SPLIT
• Root of split goes back to Muhammad's first successor • Abu Bakr,
Muhammad's father-in-law became the first Caliph.
• Many wanted his son-in-law, Ali to take over.
• Shia Muslims believe the Caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad.
• Caliph means “successor”
• Meaning Abu Bakr was a “successor” to the prophet
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MODERN SHIA- SUNNI DIVIDE
Today Shia Muslims make up 16% of the Islamic population
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THE ISLAMIC SPLIT HAS SERIOUS RAMIFICATIONS TODAY
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BAGHDAD: THE CENTER OF LEARNING
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750- 1258 CE) became the center for learning.
• The Persian ruling class moved the capital to Baghdad.• Baghdad became the center of learning.
• Large library held the work of Greek philosophers, Greek scientist, and Buddhist and Hindu text
• Openness to foreigners and their ideas • Possibly largest blending of cultures since Hellenistic times • Brought to an end by the Mongols
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IBN SINA (980- 1037 CE)
• Gained great advances in the field of medicine • Created the Canon of
Medicine • Became the standard
medical text book for centuries
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HOW’S THIS FOR A VACATION?
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IBN BATTUTA (1304-1368 CE)
• Moroccan explorer • Traveled the known
Muslim world • Recorded his travels
in the Rihla (translated to “Journey”)
• Helped link Africa to the Islamic World
• The most well traveled man to date
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THE ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS
Judaism est. around 1000 BCE Christianity est.
around 40 CEIslam est. around
600 CE
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WHAT DO THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
• All three use a religious text that provide guidelines for ethical and moral behaviors as well as how to govern believers.• Judaism- Torah • Christians- The Bible• Islam- The Qur'an
• All three recognize Abraham, Mosses and other figures from the Old Testament as important religious figures. • All three believe in fundamental monotheism. • All three originated in the same region, and claim
several of the same cities as religious holy sites.
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JERUSALEM
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FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
Judaism• Judaism does not actively seek converts and the
religion is associated with a group of people. Christianity • Christians believe Jesus was the son of God (or
Messiah) • Catholic leaders must remain unmarried. Islam • Islam is the newest and only Abrahamic tradition
to reference the other two in the holy text.
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MODERN DISTRIBUTION
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OVER HALF THE WORLD PRACTICES AN ABRAHAMIC RELIGION