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Unit IV: Political Organization of Space
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Political Geography
• organization & distribution of political phenomena
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Territory
• effort to control land
• world divided by borders– countries (or “states”)
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I. States
1. independent political unit
2. w/ defined territory
3. must be recognized by others
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World States
• 192 recognized by UN
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Issues defining states
• some territories not recognized:
– Taiwan– Tibet– Western Sahara
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II. Nations II. Nations
• A cultural unit A cultural unit bound by sense of bound by sense of shared shared beliefs/customs beliefs/customs
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“Stateless Nations”
• Nations without a country
– Palestinians– Kurds – Basques
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Multinational State
The Former Yugoslavia
•A state with more than one nation.
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The Nation-State
• a nation & a state (country w/ homogenous culture)
• about 20 countries
Exs: Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan
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d. stateless nation
Types of Relationships Between “states” & “nations”
a. nation-state
b. multi-national state (Cyprus)
c. part-nation state (Arab)
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Spatial Characteristics of States
• Smallest:
City-states:• Singapore, Monaco, San Marino
Microstates: Andorra, The Vatican
• Largest: Russia
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5 basic shapes:
– Compact (Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland)
– Prorupt (extension out; Thailand)
– Elongated (Chile)
– Fragmented (difficult to defend; Philippines, Indonesia)
– Perforated (country that surrounds another; South Africa
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A
C
B
E
D
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Relative Location
• size and shape matter!
• absolute & relative location matter!Ex: Singapore, Switzerland
• Landlocked countries usually at disadvantage– Bolivia
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Boundary Types
1. Physical: mountains, rivers, lakes
2. Geometric: lines of latitude/longitude
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3. Cultural: separated by language/religion – India & Pakistan
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Boundary Origins
1. Antecedent: border before populated Ex: U.S.
2. Subsequent: border drawn after2 types:
• Consequent (Ireland & N. Ireland)• Superimposed (British India)
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– Ireland & N. Ireland
Consequent
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3. Relict/relic Boundary: historical boundary
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U.N. Convention of the Law of the Sea
• Territorial waters: 12 NM out• Exclusive Economic ZoneExclusive Economic Zone: 200 NM (fish, mineral resources)
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Types of Boundary Disputes
1. Positional: over border
2. Functional: over policies (immigration)
3. Resource (oil)
4. Territorial- irredentism
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Capital Cities:
• usually centralized (“core” area)
Primate City: dominates economic activity
• some capitals relocated:
– Forward Thrust Capital (Abuja, Brazilia, Canberra, Islamabad)
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Nigeria - Abuja
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Geopolitics
Ratzel’s Organic Theory: countries are living organisms
Mackinder Heartland Theory:
land-based power (pivot area Europe)
Spykman Rimland Theory:
naval power
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Forms of Government
Unitary: centralized gov’t (strong capital)
Federal: gov’t organized by territories
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Centripetal Forces
• promote cohesion
• nationalism
• unify
• better transportation/communication
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Centrifugal Forces
• challenges to the state
• ethno-nationalism
• devolution (autonomous regional gov’t); regionalism
• inequality
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Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europedevolutionary forces since the fall of communism
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Economic Devolutionary
Movements
Catalonia, Spain
Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.
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Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering: redrawing of voting districts to benefit 1 political party
• protects minority districts
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Supranational Organizations:
3 or more states form an alliance
- military (NATO)
- economic (EU, NAFTA)
-political (UN)
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Global Scale – The United Nations
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Regional Scale – The European Union