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Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood
Coagulation
Chapter 33: Resistance of the Body to Infection. I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the
Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• General Characteristics
a. Types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes,lymphocytes (plasma cells)
b. Concentrations in the blood
White Blood Cell % in Whole Blood
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
62.0%
Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils 2.3%
Polymorphonuclear Basophils 0.4%
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes 30.0%
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• Genesis of WBCs
Fig. 33.1 Genesis of WBCs
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• Life Span of WBCs
a. Granulocytes- 4-8 hrs in the blood and 4-5 days in tissues
b. Monocytes- 10-20 hrs in the blood, move into tissuesand become macrophages which can live for months
c. Lymphocytes- weeks or months moving from circulationinto the tissues and back again
d. Platelets- replaced about every 10 days (30,000 formedper day per microliter of blood
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
• WBCs Enter the Tissue Spaces by Diapedsis
• WBCs Move Through the Tissues by Ameboid Motion
• WBCs Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue by Chemotaxis
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Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.)
Fig. 33.2
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Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.)
• Phagocytosis
a. Process
b. Neutrophils
c. Macrophages
d. Phagolysosomes
e. Bactericidal properties
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Monocyte-Macrophage Cells System
• Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
a. Histiocytesb. Macrophages in the lymph nodesc. Lungsd. Kupffer cellse. Spleen and Bone Marrow
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Fig. 33.3 Functional diagram of a lymph node
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Fig. 33.4 Kupffer cells lining the liver sinusoids Fig. 33.5 Functional structures of the spleen
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
• Inflammation
a. Vasodilation of local blood vesselsb. Increased permeability of the capillariesc. Clotting of fluids in the interstitial spacesd. Migration of granulocytes and monocytese. Swelling of the tissue cellsf. Chemicals released: histamine, bradykinin,
serotonin, prostaglandins, complement proteinsactivated, multiple lymphokines
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
• “Walling-Off” Effect of Inflammation- delay thespread of bacterial or toxins
• Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses
a. Neutrophil invasion of the inflammed areab. Acute increase of neutrophils in bloodc. Macrophage invasion into aread. Increased production of granulocytes and monocytes
by the bone marrow
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Fig. 33.6 Migration of neutrophils from the blood into the inflamed tissue
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Inflammation (cont.)
• Feedback Control of the Macrophage/NeutrophilResponses
G-CSF: Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
GM-CSF: Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
IL-1: Inteleukin 1
M-CSF: Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor
Fig. 33.7
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Eosinophils
• Eosinophils
a. Weakly phagocytic
b. Prominent in parasitic infections
c. Collect in areas where allergic reactions occur
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Basophils
• Basophils
a. Similar to mast cells
b. Release heparin in the blood
c. Release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin
d. IgE binds to basophil-release of histamine inallergic reactions
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Leukopenia and Leukemia
• Leukopenia- bone marrow produces few wbcs
a. Caused by irradiation (x-rays or gamma rays)
b. Exposure to drugs and chemicals
• Leukemia- uncontrolled production of wbcs
a. Types
b. Effects on the body