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UNIT V
PUBLIC BELIEFS & BEHAVIORS
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II. Political Beliefs and Behavior……………….10-20%
A. Beliefs that citizens hold about their government and its leaders
B. Process by which citizens learn about politicsC. The nature, sources, and consequences of public
opinionD. The ways in which citizens vote and otherwise
participate in political lifeE. Factors that influence citizens to differ from one
another in terms of political beliefs and behaviors
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Essential Questions• How are political beliefs formed?• How do they evolve?• How are they are transmitted? • Why do U.S. citizens hold certain beliefs about politics, and how
do families, schools, and the media act to perpetuate or change these beliefs?
• How does political culture affect and inform political participation? – Why do individuals engage in various forms of political participation?– How does that participation affect the political system?
• What leads citizens to differ in their political beliefs and behaviors?
• What are the political consequences of these differences? – consider different views of the political process, the demographic features of
the American population, and the belief and behavior systems held by specific ethnic groups, minorities, and other groups.
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Explain this quote:
“America is the only nation in the world that is founded on a creed.” - G.K. Chesterton
Creed: 1. any system, doctrine, or formula of religious belief, as of a denomination. 2. any system or codification of belief or of opinion.
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American Political Culture
• Equality of Opportunity• Liberty/Freedom• Individualism• Representative Democracy
Post 1950s: increasing mistrust of government– Declining political efficacy
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Take this quiz:http://www.gotoquiz.com/where_are_you_on_the_political_spectrumOr follow the link on Progressbook
Send your resultsAnswers to this poll are anonymous
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Gender
• The Gender Gap– Differences in political
views and voting behavior of men and women• Men
– Favor Republicans– Favor Conservatives
• Women– Favor Democrats– Favor Liberals
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Differences between Men and Women
• Role of Government: Doing too much?– Yes: women (50%); men (66%)
• Social Programs: Favor cuts?– Favor: women (47%) men (60%)
• Should more be done to expand good, affordable child care, or should it be left to families and individuals?– Do more women (63%); men (41%)
• Should fed government guarantee medical care?– Yes women (69%) men (58%)
• Poverty and homelessness important:– One of most impt probs: wom(63%); men 44%
• Should affirmative action be continued or abolished? Abolished wom 36%, men 52%
• Do you think women have equal job opps– No women 69% men 59%
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Race/Ethnicity• Affiliations are based on
freedom-equality issues and socioeconomic conditions– White
• Favor Republican– Black
• Overwhelmingly favor Democrats
– Hispanic• Overwhelmingly favor
Democrats• Except Cubans
– Asian• Relatively Neutral
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Equal Opportunity v Equal Results
• Equality of Opportunity– A view that it is wrong to
use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to minorities or women
• Equality of Results– A view that government
should do everything in its power to guarantee all a standard quality of life
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Changing of America’s Race
• White America is on the decline– What will this mean for
politics in the United States?• Freedom• Equality• Rule of Law• Popular Sovereignty• Justice
“Minority-Majority” emerging
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Progression of Race and Voting• 15th Amendment (1870)
– The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• 24th Amendment (1964)– Prohibits a poll tax as
qualification to vote• Voting Rights Act (1965)
– Prevents states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race
– Helps enforce the 15th Amendment
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Age and Voting• 26th Amendment
– The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age• What is the effect of this
Amendment?
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Partisanship
• The tendency of a person to support a specific political party– People tend to have the
same political identification as their parents• Republicans have the
strongest party support– Their party members
are more loyal– Why?
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Ideology
• Conservative– In general a person who favors more limited and local government, less
government regulation of markets, more social conformity to traditional norms and values, and tougher policies toward criminals
• Liberal– In general a person that values individual liberties, larger role of
government, oppose death penalty, and heavily supports equality.
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Marketplace of Ideas
19th-20th centuries...• single national language• expansion of literacy– universal compulsory education
• communication & transportation– roads, rail lines, (automobiles…)– telegraph, telephone, radio, television – satellite-based networks– World Wide Web = internet
• legal protection for free expression
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The Political Spectrum
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Urban v. Suburban v. Rural America
• Population Density– The more people living in
your area, the more democratic your area tends to be
– Higher populated cities tend to benefit more from federal spending
– More government services are needed in densely populated areas
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Family Income
• The higher one’s income, the more likely they are to…– Register to vote– Vote– Vote Republican
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Education– The more
education one has the more likely they will• Register to
vote and vote• Vote
Democrat– Until
money is earned
• Participate in various methods
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Region• Voting trends by region
– Northeast• Democrat
– Midwest• Republican
– South • Republican
– West• Democrat
– Swing States• Ohio, Florida,
Pennsylvania
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Religion
• Voter Tendencies by Religion– Evangelicals
• Republican– Catholics
• Democrat– Protestants
• Republican– Jews
• Democrat
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Type of Election• Presidential Election
– People turn out at a higher rate
– Presidency is seen as more important
• Midterm Election– Election in between
Presidential elections• Primary Election
– Nominating election– Many states restrict
participation• General Election
– Decides who will win the seat
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Public Opinion• An aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a
particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a community– 5 Core American Values
• Freedom• Equality• Democracy• majoritarianism• Individual Responsibility
• Public Opinion Polls• Conducted by news organizations, politicians, candidates,
interest groups
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Poll Legitimacy• Who conducted/sponsored the poll?
– Neutral polling organizations would produce the most accurate results– Political parties or other biased organizations would not
• How many persons were interviewed?– Minimum 1,000 people– Reduces the margin of error
• Who was interviewed?– Many people choose not to participate in polls; this can scew the results
• How were the questions worded?– Pollsters must be careful how to ask the question
• When was the poll conducted?– Temporary passions can also scew the results
• How was the poll conducted?– Phone, Internet, On the street
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Types of Polls• Exit Polls– Questioned right after
voting– Indicates who people
vote for• Census Tracks/Tracking Polls– Questioning specific
groups within the population
– Indicates the public’s tendencies across a specific period of time
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Our questions…• Who are we as a society?
– More diverse, more spread out, and older!• How we learn about politics?
– Family, the media, and school, just to start.• How do we measure what we believe as a society?
– Through polls, which may or may not be accurate.• What do we believe as a society?
– That we’re all over the place and that sometimes labels mean more than anything else.
• How do we participate in politics?– From the inside or the outside: by trying to change the system or
protesting the system to make a change.
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Trust in Government
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Elections in a Representative Democracy
• Institutions of legitimacy• Safety valves for social discontent• Facilitate popular influence• Promote leadership accountability• Offer a measure of protection from the abuse
of governmental power
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US v. The World
• Why does voter participation in the United States lag behind the rest of the democratic world?– Lack of homogeneity– Decreasing trust in
government– Decrease in political
efficacy– Decreasing roll of
parties
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Types of Political Activity
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U.S. Voter Turnout
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Influences on Voters• Partisan loyalty
– stronger during 1940s-50s than today– family influence– reinforced by social & cultural ties– once formed, seldom change– more prominent in state & local races
• Issue and policy concerns– larger impact if candidates articulate & publicize very
different positions• Candidate characteristics
– shared background, views, & perspectives– race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography….
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Electoral College System• Each state receives same # as membership in Congress (=
535)– subject to change every 10 years based on the
reapportionment of seats in the House of Representatives
• Washington D.C. receives 3 – minimum any state could receive
• Total electoral votes = 538• Candidate must receive at least 270 votes to become
president
• Political Parties choose people who will serve as electors
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Electoral College System...continued...
• November– General state elections– Voters formally elect electors
• December– Electors meet in state capitals to cast vote for
President & Vice President
• First Week in January– Electoral votes counted by the President of the
Senate before a joint session of Congress
• January 20– Inauguration of the President
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Modern Presidency: From FDR to Bill Clinton
• Franklin Roosevelt - New Deal Coalition:– Unionized labor
• labor legislation
– Members of urban ethnic groups & Northern blacks• welfare & social service programs
– Southerners• farm programs
– Middle-class liberals• expansion of white-collar employment in the public sector;
support for education and the arts
– Important sectors of business community• free trade and the expansion of industrial production
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FDR’s New Deal Coalition• Dominated government & politics until the 1960s
• Shattered by conflicts over:– race relations– Vietnam War– fiscal & regulatory policies
• Segments of the business community, social & religious conservatives, upper-middle-class suburbanites, Southern whites, & many Northern blue-collar workers have been drawn to the Republican Party
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The Reconstituted Right - 1980s
• Ronald Reagan– Middle-class suburbanites
• trim social programs, cut taxes & bring down inflation– Social & religious conservatives
• “pro-family,” anti-abortion, & school prayer– White Southerners
• end to federal support for affirmative action– American business community
• relaxation of regulations– Defense industry
• greatly increased rates of military spending
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End of Reagan-Bush Era
• Change in two key elements:– Prosperity at home– Strength abroad
• Mired in economic downturn
• End of the Cold War Era diminished the threat of a nuclear holocaust
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Return of the Democrats (?)• Move toward the center• Democratic Leadership Council (DLC)• Clinton / Gore– founding members of DLC– criticized welfare– stressed individual responsibility & private enterprise– kept away from black issues – economic message appealed to business & middle
class without alienating working-class
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Clinton / Gore in 1996
• Supported “middle class bill of rights” - series of tax-cut initiatives
• Tough anti-crime measures• Embraced voluntary school prayer• Spoke out against sex & violence on television• Dropped opposition to Republican welfare reform
proposals• Advocated “family values”
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Bush / Cheney 2004
• Emphasis on Foreign Policy– War on Terrorism– War in Iraq
• Tax cuts• Homeland Security• Support Constitutional Amendment to ban gay
marriage
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Electoral Realignments, 1800-2008
1800 - Jeffersonian Republican dominate1828 - Democrats dominate1860 - Balance between Republicans & Democrats1896 - Republicans dominate1932 - Democrats dominate
Realignment ?1968 - Divided government1996 - Divided government2004 – Republicans dominate; not at all levels2008- Democrats dominate; not all levels
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93% of black voters cast their ballot for Democrat Barack Obama. Latino voters:71% voted for Obama while 27% voted for Republican Mitt Romney.
Asian voters: 73% supported Obama and 26% voted for Romney. White voters supported Romney (59%) over Obama (39%).
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Education levelObama Romney
Some High School 64 35
HS Grad 51 48
Some college 49 48
College grad 47 51
Post grad study 55 42
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A. Choose two of the following groups, and for each one, explain two effects that group membership often has on voting behavior.
• Women• Blacks• LatinosB. Choose two groups listed above, and give one
specific example of political participation (other than voting) for each of them that has affected the political process in the US since 1980.
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Scoring – 6 points totalA. (4 points)
One explanation of an effect that group membership has on voting behavior = 2 points
• 1 point = general understanding• 2 points – specific explanation of how/why group
membership affects voting behavior
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Possible effects• Tendency to vote democratic • Tendency to vote for candidates that support civil
rights (Latinos/blacks)• Tendency to vote for candidates that support
women’s issues• Tendency to vote for candidates that support
security/terrorism issues (women)• Tendency to vote for candidates that support policies
that benefit the group (black, Latinos, women)• Tendency to vote for candidates from the same
group
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B) Points total• 1 point = specific example for participation for
one group• Possible examples– Women: Participation/membership in NOW or
other group; more women candidates for public office; more women elected/appointed as public officials; marches & demonstrations
– Blacks: participation in NAACP; marches/demonstrations; more black officials elected to local and state office, House or Representatives or appointed; candidates
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• Latinos – Participation/members in specific Latino interest groups; more officials elected to state or local offices, House of Representatives or appointed to political positions.