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GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
Lecture 22: Inosilicates 2
Amphiboles
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Last Time (online)
Class VIII Minerals: Inosilicates (part 1)
1. General Introduction to Inosilicates 2. Pyroxenes
3. Pyroxenoids
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Inosilicates The “chain” silicates come in 2 main “flavors”
Single chains (Si:O = 1:3) (Pyroxene Group)
(Pyroxenoid Group)
Double chains (Si:O = 1:2.5) (Amphibole Group)
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Inosilicates (single chain)
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Inosilicates (single chain)
Two major sub groups of pyroxenes are distinguished on the basis of crystal structure: 1) Orthopyroxenes (orthorhombic) 2) Clinopyroxenes (monoclinic)
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/ROCKMIN/ATOM-STRUCT/PyroxChain.gif
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Inosilicates (single chain pyroxenes)
General formula: XYSiO3 or XY(Si,Al)2O6
X[larger ions] = Ca2+, Na+, Fe2+ and/or Mg2+; rarely Zn2+, Mn2+, Li+ Y[smaller ions] = Cr3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn3+
Si:O ratio is 1:3
(octahedrally coordinated cations between SiO3 chains
produce orthorhombic or monoclinic symmetries)
http://ruby.colorado.edu
Monoclinic Orthorhombic
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Inosilicates (pyroxenoids)
General formula: X2SiO3
X[larger ions] = Ca2+, Na+, Fe2+ and/or Mg2+
Si:O ratio is 1:3 (larger cations force triclinic
symmetry)
http
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Inosilicates (single chain)
Orthopyroxene: orthorhombic minerals (5)
Hypersthene, Enstatite, Ferrosilite, Donpeacorite, Nchwaningite
Clinopyroxene: monoclinic minerals (18)
Clinoenstitite, clinferrosilite, pigeonite, diopside, hedenbergite, spudomene
Pyroxenoid: Triclinic minerals (lots) wollanstonite, pectolite, rhodonite
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Enstitite is actually one member of a continuous series suite of “orthopyroxene” (Enstitite-Ferrosilite).
http
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Inosilicate Minerals (orthopyroxene)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Pyrox_names.png
Textbook’s “mineral” (p265)
hyperstene
Orthopyroxenes
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Inosilicate Minerals (clinopyroxenes)
Clinopyroxenes
There are more options for ternary plots as there is more variability in cation composition
… and you are going to ♥ the phase diagram possibilities
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Inosilicate Minerals (clinopyroxenes)
… and you are going to ♥ the phase diagram possibilities Pressure-Temperature relations of Enstatite (MgSiO3)
http://www.uni-muenster.de/
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Inosilicate Minerals (clinopyroxenes)
… and you are going to ♥ the phase diagram possibilities
Augite-Pigeonite phase diagram
http://www.uni-muenster.de/
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Inosilicate Minerals (clinopyroxenes)
… and you are going to ♥ the phase diagram possibilities Pyroxene behavior subject to burial in the mantle….
….etc.
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/
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Today’s Agenda
Class VIII Minerals: Inosilicates (part 2)
1. Amphiboles
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Inosilicates (double chain)
Two major sub groups of amphiboles are distinguished on the basis of crystal structure:
1) Orthorhombic Amphiboles 2) Monoclinic Amphiboles
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/ROCKMIN/ATOM-STRUCT/amphibchain.gif
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Inosilicates (double chain)
General formula: XY((Al,Si)4O11)2(OH)2
X[larger ions] = Ca2+, Na+ Y[smaller ions] = Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+/3+, Mn2+/3+)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole_cleavage.gif
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Inosilicates (single chain)
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Inosilicates (double chain) Mineral Formula System Orthorhombic Amphiboles Anthophyllite-Gedrite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Orthorhombic Monoclinic Amphiboles Cummingtonite (Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic Grunerite (Fe2+)7Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic Hornblende (Ca,Na,K)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Si,Al)2O22(OH,F)2 Monoclinic Glaucophane Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic Riebekite Na2Fe2+
3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2 Monoclinic
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Inosilicates (double chain)
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Inosilicates (double chain)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole-compositions.gif
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Inosilicates (double chain)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole-compositions.gif
We recognize several amphibole series (solid solution) 1) Anthophyllite Series (Orthorhombic)
Anthophyllite Gedrite
(Mg,Fe2+)7Si8O22(OH)2 (Mg,Fe2+)5Al2(Si6Al2O22)(OH,F)2
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Inosilicates (double chain)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole-compositions.gif
We recognize several amphibole series (solid solution) 1) Anthophyllite Series (Orthorhombic) 2) Cummingtonite Series (Monoclinic)
Cummingtonite Grunerite
(Mg,Fe2+)7Si8O22(OH)2 (Fe2+,Mg)7(Si8O22)(OH)2
30 to 70% Fe >70% Fe
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Inosilicates (double chain)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole-compositions.gif
We recognize several amphibole series (solid solution) 1) Anthophyllite Series (Orthorhombic) 2) Cummingtonite Series (Monoclinic) 3) Actinolite Series (Monoclinic)
Tremolite Actinolite Ferroactinolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 Ca2(Fe2+,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2 Ca2(Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2
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Inosilicates (double chain)
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/amphibole-compositions.gif
We recognize several amphibole series (solid solution) 1) Anthophyllite Series (Orthorhombic) 2) Cummingtonite Series (Monoclinic) 3) Actinolite Series (Monoclinic) 4) Hornblende Series (Monoclinic) 5) Glaucophane Series (Monoclinic) 6) Riebeckite Series (Monoclinic) 7) Arfvedsonite-Eckermannite Series (Mono) “Hornblende”: (Ca,Na,K)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Si,Al)2O22(OH)2
“Glaucophane”: Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 “Riebeckite”: Na2Fe2+
3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2
“Arvedsonite”: Na3(Mg,Fe2+)4AlSi8O22(OH)2
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Anthophyllite [(Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 ]
Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m Habit: Fibrous, massive SG: 3.21; H: 5-6 L: silky to pearly; Str: grey Col: white, greyish, brownish, brown-green Clev: perfect [110] Optics: Biaxial (+); bir=0.070-0.023 nα=1.598; nβ=1.605, nγ=1.615 Occurrence: Metamorphic rocks
Inosilicate Minerals (Orthorhombic Amphiboles)
From the Latin anthophyllum - "clove" in allusion to the color.
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Several minerals with a fibrous habit that have useful economic properties (flexible, high melting points, tensile strength, heat resistance)
Asbestos Minerals
Amphibole Asbestos minerals: Anthophyllite, Tremolite, Amosite, Actinolite, Crocidolite Serpentine Asbestos minerals: Clinochrysotile, Orthochrysotile
http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/7/z/chrysotilecloseup.jpg
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Several minerals with a fibrous habit that have useful economic properties (flexible, high melting points, tensile strength, heat resistance)
Asbestos Minerals
Amphibole Asbestos minerals: Anthophyllite, Tremolite, Amosite, Actinolite, Crocidolite Serpentine Asbestos minerals: Clinochrysotile, Orthochrysotile
Crocidolite (“blue asbestos”) is part of the Riebeckite series and is the worst of the asbestos minerals (at least according to legal websites)
http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas/lteng/engeimg/enge0247a.JPG
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Cummingtonite [Mg7Si8O22(OH)2]
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: fibrous, massive, columnar SG: 3.35; H: 5-6 L: silky; Str: grey-white Col: white, brown, black, grey Clev: perfect [110] Optics: Biaxial (+); bir=0.025-0.037 nα=1.639; nβ=1.647, nγ=1.664 Occurrence: metamorphic rocks
Named after its locality Cummington, Massachusetts, USA.
Inosilicate Minerals (Monoclinic Amphiboles)
http://webmineral.com
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Hornblende (Ca,Na,K)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Si,Al)2O22(OH,F)2
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: prismatic (short stocky) SG: 3.0-3.47; H: 5-6 L: vitreous to pearly; Str: white Col: brown, green, dark green Clev: perfect {001} Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.020 nα=1.616; nβ=1.626, nγ=1.636 Occurrence: Metamorphic/Intermediate Igneous rocks
Inosilicate Minerals (Monoclinic Amphiboles)
Not so much a mineral as a suite of minerals (data here is for Magnesiohornblende)
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Riebeckite [Na2Fe2+Fe3+Si8O22(OH)2]
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive, fibrous SG: 3.07; H: 6 to 6.5 L: vitreous-pearly; Str: greenish-brown Col: blue, black, dark green Clev: [110] perfect Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.005-0.008 nα=1.68; nβ=1.683, nγ=1.685 Occurrence: Igneous & Metamorphic rocks
Inosilicate Minerals (Monoclinic Amphiboles)
http://webmineral.com
Named after a German “traveler”; Eril Riebeck (1853-1885)
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Glaucophane [Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2]
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive, fibrous SG: 3.07; H: 6 to 6.5 L: vitreous-pearly; Str: grey-blue Col: blue, grey-blue, lavender blue Clev: Good [110], [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.018-0.021 nα=1.606; nβ=1.615, nγ=1.627 Occurrence: Blue schist (meta)
Inosilicate Minerals (Monoclinic Amphiboles)
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1840
From the Greek glaukos - "blue" and fanos - "appearing."
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Today’s Stuff To Do 1. Work on your posters!
Thursday 1. Lecture 23 (Phyllosilicates 1: micas)
2. Discussion; rock forming mineral identification…in rocks!
Today’s Lab 1. Quiz 8 (Neso/Soro/Cyclosilicates 12:15 -12:45 PM)
On Line Lecture 1. Nothing this week (syllabus change)
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GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy
Lecture 22: Silicates 5: Amphiboles
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick [email protected]
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.