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Urban CO2 Emissions from the Los Angeles Basin: Assessing chemistry and dynamics using the suite of tracers measured aboard the CalNex WP-3 Aircraft
Steven C. Wofsy, Gregory Santoni, Bin Xiang, Bruce C. Daube, Jasna Pittman, Eric Kort, Kathryn McKain, Roísin Commane, Elaine Gottlieb Harvard University Presented at the CalNEX Science Team Meeting, Scramento, CA 16 May 2011
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Goals for studying CO2 and other GHGs in
CalNEX
• Use of CO2 as the primary metric of
combustion influence
• Test ideas of how to measure changes in
total emissions over time (treaty verification)
• Use CO2 as a model validation tool
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Mt. Wilson
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Background CO2, CO, CH4 concentrations: Mt. Wilson vs from the P-3
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DOY 2010
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ΔCO/ΔCO2 = 11±2 TCCON –Wunch et al. (2009)
ΔC
O (
ppb)
ΔCO2 (ppm)
Uniformity an artifact of an aged mix of sources?
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Mean Vertical Distributions of
ΔCO2 on 10 flight days over
Los Angeles
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ΔCH4/ΔCO2 = 8 ± 0.8 TCCON
P-3
ΔN2O/ΔCO2 = .5 ± .3 TCCON
stratosphere?
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15 17 19 21
UTC Hr
X
-CO
2 (
full
atm
osphere
) [
TC
CO
N]
38
5
3
87 389
391
P-3 Δ-XCO2 0-3.5 km
Δ-X
CO
2 (
ppm
)
0
2
4
6
DOY 2010
1200
local
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Locations of urban measurement sites in the Salt Lake Valley. Photos show placement & locale.
Salt Lake City: A contrast site vs. Los Angeles
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Variation of background air entering the SLC Valley
150 200 250 300 350 Day of Year (2006)
CO
2 (
pp
m)
3
75
38
0
3
85
39
0
Data from Britt Stephens
— Snowbird
✚ Wendover
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SLC CO2 (Vulcan emissions in μmole/m2/s)
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SLC CO2 (Vulcan emissions in tonne C/hr)
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11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Date (October, 2006)
CO
2 (
ppm
)
40
0 4
50
5
00
5
50
6
00
Observed and Modeled CO2 concentrations, Salt Lake City (Downtown)
— Observed
— Model, 4 km
— Model 1.3 km + UCM
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Hour, Local Time
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Obs. vs model CO2 at 3 sites in Salt Lake City, Oct.
2006, from hi-resolution model (1.3 km, urban
canopy). Hourly points in gray and 8-hour averages in
red. Line is SMA fit to 8-hour data.
Obs. CO2
Modele
d C
O2 1:1
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Inventory correction factors for Salt Lake City
How could the inventory be so far off ??
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The effect of inhomogeneous spatial
distribution of emissions on aggregated
source models.
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Heig
ht
agl (m
)
0
2500
40 40.8
deg Lat
40 40.8
deg Lat
40 40.8 40 40.8 40 40.8 40 40.8
40
4
1
-112.5 -111.5
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Summary of results
•CO2 is an excellent tracer of combustion influence
in Los Angeles, with overwhelming dominance of
fossil fuels and an aged mix of basin-wide sources.
•Methane emission rates are large.
•Total column measurements are most likely to
provide independent verification of emission rates.
•Detailed modeling of CO2 or other long-lived
emissions in urban areas requires a priori
knowledge of source spatial and temporal
distributions, not usually available. Less important
in Los Angeles than in most other cities.
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Obs. vs model CO2 at 3 sites in Salt Lake City, Oct. 2006. Top
row: model and obs. from hi-resolution model (1.3 km, urban
canopy). Bottom: 4 km baseline model. Hourly points in gray
and 8-hour averages in red. Lines are SMA fits to 8-hour data.