Download - URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN KARST REGIONS OF CHINA
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URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN KARST REGIONS OF CHINA
Yuan Daoxian
Karst Dynamics Laboratory, MLR,Guilin
China University of Geosciences,Wuhan
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Contents
* Introduction:Urbanization in China* Functions of Cities in Karsts of China* Urban Hydrogeological & Environmental
Problems* Concluding Remarks
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I, INTRODUCTION: URBANIZATION IN CHINA
*1980s: medium size cities: from 180 to 400
*2000: 666, 32 having population more than a million
*Urbanization as a strategic measure : for economic development;
to reduce the differences between developed and poor regions
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II, FUNCTIONS OF CITIES IN THE KARST OF CHINA
Karst in China(including buried and covered karst): 3,463,000 km2 , i.e, 1/3 of its territory
Exposed karst: 907,000 km2
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Fig.1, Exposed karst in China
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Provincial Capitals: Jinan,Shandong province Taiyuan, Shanxi province Kunming, Yunnan province Coal Industrial Cities: Jiaozuo, Henan province Zibo,Shandong province
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Fig2, Big Karst Springs in North China
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Industrial centers Zunyi, Guizhou province Liuzhou, Guangxi province Agriculture Most of the medium and small size cities ar
e based on local agriculture,but some of them enjoy special products, such as:
Sugar cane: Guigang,Guangxi Tobacco : Menzi,Yunnan province
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Fig.3, Exposed Karst in Southwest China
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Fig.4, Menzi Basin Chile pepper: Qiubei,Yunnan province
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Fig.5, green house nursery of chile pepper Grape & Wine: Mile,Yunnan
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Fig.6,Grape yard in Mile county,Yunnan Herb Medicines:Wenshan,Yunnan
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Fig.7, Nursery for Panax pseudo-ginseng var. notoginseng
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Mineral Deposits Cassiterite: Gejiu,Yunnan Dachang,Guangxi Lead-Zinc: Siding,Guangxi
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Fig.8, Surface collapses around Siding City, induced by dewatering in the underlying lead-zinc mining tunnels
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Tourisms Fig.9,Stone Forest, Lunan,Yunnan Fig.10, Tropical Karst, Guilin, Guangxi Fig.11,Jinci Karst Springs,Taiyuan, Shanxi
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Fig.9,Stone Forest, Lunan,Yunnan
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Fig.10, Tropical Karst, Guilin, Guangxi
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Fig.11,Jinci Karst Springs,Taiyuan,Shanxi ,North China
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III, URBAN HYDROGEOLOGICAL &ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
The exploitation of natural resources (water,land,mineral deposits, coal, and touristic attractions) benefits the urbanization of karst regions. But hydrogeological and environmental problems,even geological hazards may happen when there is an ignorance of scientific management, which need a good understanding on the karst hydrological system.
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Coastal Cities Sea water intrusion in coastal regions of Dal
ian city,Liaoning province,NE China Fig.12,Karst geological section across Dalia
n city
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1,caves; 2,coastal erosion cavities; 3,coastal erosion columns; 4,through cave; 5,coastal erosion platform;6,coastal springs; 7,submarine karst springs; 8,S, S1, S2, coastal terraces
Fig.12,Karst geological section across Dalian city
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Fig.13, A view on the eastern coast of Dalian,Liaoning,NE China
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Cities in the Karst Lowland of Eastern China
Over extraction of groundwater brings about drying of karst springs with touristic attraction:e.g,Jinan, Shandong province
Fig.14, Karst hydrogeological cross section of Jinan city
Fig.15,Karst hydrological variation in Jinan city during the past 40 years
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Fig.14, Karst hydrogeological cross section of Jinan city
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Fig.15,Karst hydrological variation in Jinan city during the past 40 years (Xi Deyin,1988) 1,precipitation; 2,spring flow;3,water table;4,amount of extraction in urban area;5,sum of extractio
n and spring flow
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The Baotu Spring and more than 70 other karst springs which used to flow out around downtown Jinan city,with a total discharge of 300,000 to 350,000 m3/day before 1970s.
Stopped flowing when the extraction from the Ordovician karst aquifer underlain the city was more than 270,000 m3/day.
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*A karst collapse happened in Tai’an city,January,1979,right below the major railway between Beijing and Shanghai.
Fig.16, karst collapses in Guizhou and Guang
xi
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Fig.16, karst collapses in Guizhou and Guangxi
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Cities on the plateau karst, middle of China
Shanxi province,North China Permo-Carboniferous coal measures, the m
ost important energy source of China,are overlying the major karst aquifer (Cambrian-Ordovician)
Fig.17,Schematic hydrological profiles showing the general relationship between karst aquifer and coal measures in North China
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Fig.17,Schematic hydrological profiles showing the general relationship between karst aquifer and coal measures in North China (Han Xingrui,1994)
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The development of coal industry brings about pollution to the underlying karst aquifers, the major source of urban water supply.
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Southwest China Karst Plateau
Cenozoic uplift,and development of underground karst drainage systems bring about:--
Fig.18,Hydrological profile of Menzi
Basin, a typical example to show the relationship between land , cities and underground streams
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Fig.18,Hydrological profile of Menzi Basin, a typical example to show the relationship between land , cities and underground streams
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*WATER SOURCE PROBLEM Land and cities are usually distributed
on the denudation surfaces of different altitude, but underground streams are dozens to hundreds meters below land and cities. How to find enough water to support the city development is always a challenge.
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*FLOOD PROBLEMS When underground streams are not able to dr
ain away excess storm water, flood happens on the surface
Fig.19, Hydrogeological section of Gejiu city,
flooded in 1954 Fig.20, Flood in Sanshi polyje, Donglan C
ounty, Guangxi
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1.Metamorphic rock; 2.Granite; 3.Karstified limestone; 4.Argillaceous rock
Fig.19, Hydrogeological section of Gejiu city,flooded in 1954
Nanpan River
1000
1100
13001300
1600
GejiuMenZi Caoba
Kaiyuan
HongheRiver
3 42 1
200
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Fig.20, Flood in Sanshi polyje,Donglan County,Guangxi
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*POLLUTION Fig.21,Shuicheng city,Guizhou,1800m as
l,polluted waste water from coal mining,and steel manufactory draining into underground streams
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Fig.21,Shuicheng city, Guizhou, 1800m asl, polluted waste water from coal mining, and steel manufactory draining into underground streams
(Yao Chenghong,2002)
位置 COD BOD
5
Phenol
CN- As Cd Cr6+ Pb NO3-
水钢出口 1.68 1.54 22.4 0.22
0.68
0.9 0.15 1.26
1.26
落水洞 (1983年 )
0.66 0.37 4.1 0.06
0.14
0.24
0.90 0.30
0.12
落水洞 (1990年 )
1.91 0.51 14.1 2.79
0.14
1.14
3771 0.50
0.48
窑上水库 0.2 0.45 0 0 0 0 0.18 0.04
0.1
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IV, CONCLUDING REMARKS For sustainable development of water r
esources in urban areas of karst in China,it is necessary:--
1, to get a better understanding on karst
hydrological systems with respects to coastal, lowland and plateau areas of China;
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2,to take into account protecting scenic attractions and ground stability while exploiting resources.
Fig.22, The relationship between Boyu
e Cave system,Hunan and the coal measures underlain
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1,Middle-Lower Carboniferous limestone; 2,Lower Carboniferous coal measures; 3,Lower Carboniferous Limestone
Fig.22, The relationship between Boyue Cave system and the coal measures underlain
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3, to address properly the relationship between landuse planning/management and karst aquifer protection
Fig.23, Landuse along the Baiyandong und
erground stream,Baojing,Hunan
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Fig.23, Landuse along the Baiyandong Underground stream,Baojing,Hunan
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4,to carry out vulnerability assessment and mapping for karst aquifers
Fig.24,Vulnerability map of karst water in Houzai underground stream,Puding, Guizhou
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Fig.24,Vulnerability map of karst water in Houzai underground stream, Puding,Guizhou
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Thank you for your attention!