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Urban sanitation technology
development and Reinvent The Toilet
Challenge (RTTC) in China
Professor Zifu Li
Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation (CSES)University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB)
13th IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems
5th IWA Specialized Conference on Resources-Oriented Sanitation
14-16 September 2016, Athens, Greece
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OUTLINE
Urban sanitation technology development
Reinvent The Toilet Challenge (RTTC) in China
Toilet revolution campaign in China
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Part 1: The state of the art in the wastewater and toilet sectors of China
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Wastewater treatment capacity
Source: Ministry of Environmental protection of the republic of China,2015
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Percentages of wastewater treatment in China
Source: China Urban-Rural Construction Statistical Yearbook,2015
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Gaobeidian WWTP in Beijing, Capacity: 1 million m3/d in 1999
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Bailonggang WWTP in Shanghai Capacity: 2 million m3/d in 2013, 3.5 million m3/d in Future
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Biological Technologies Number of WWTPs Percentage
A²/O 1167 26.31%
Oxidation ditches 1160 26.15%
CASS 391 8.81%
A/O 377 8.50%
SBR 297 6.70%
Two-stage biological processes 185 4.17%
CAST 163 3.67%
Activated sludge 162 3.65%
Biolak 110 2.48%
BAF 88 1.98%
MBR 24 0.54%
others 312 7.04%
Main technologies used in municipal WWTPs in China
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Length of drainage pipelines in China (1978-2014)
Source: China Urban-Rural Construction Statistical Yearbook,2015
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Source: China Urban-Rural Construction Statistical Yearbook,2015
Public toilets in China from 1979-2014
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Public Toilets in China
Public toilet in urban area
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Public Toilets in China
Public toilet in rural area
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Household toilets
Household toilet in urban area
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Primitive Pit Latrine in Rural Areas
Odor, mosquitoes, unsafe……
Household toilet in rural area
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Household sanitary toilet coverage in rural areasSource: China statistical yearbook on environment, 2012
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1990 2015
Population(*1000) 1,165,429 1,401,587
Percentage urban population 26 56
Urban
Improved 68 87
unimproved
Shared 5 6
Other unimproved 24 7
Open defecation 3 0
Rural
Improved 40 64
unimproved
Shared 2 3
Other unimproved 49 31
Open defecation 9 2
Total
Improved 48 76
unimproved
Shared 3 5
Other unimproved 42 18
Open defecation 7 1
Water and sanitation in China, the year 1990 and 2015
Source: Progress on sanitation and drinking water, 2015 update and MDG assessment
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Part 2:
Reinvent the Toilet Challenge in China(RTTC China)
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Reinvent the Toilet Challenge of Global DevelopmentProgram by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Wastewater treatment development
(courtesy of BMGF, modified)
Toilet Storage Transportation Treatment Reuse/disposal
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Reinvent the Toilet Challenge of Global DevelopmentProgram by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
The vision of this program is of a re-invented toilet that would not need to be connected to a sewer, would not require water, and would be clean and odorless. It would remove pathogens from the environment. It would treat waste as a resource, creating usable energy, agricultural fertilizer, and potable water, all for just pennies per person/day.
2011 2013
2012
RTTC (Rd1)
RTTC (Rd2 & Rd3)
RTTC China
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Reinventing the Toilet –Innovations can save billions of lives
by turning human waste into…
Safe Fertilizer Electricity
FuelHeat Salt
NaCl
Pure Water
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Evaluation Criteria
Comfortable for user (no smell, no need to change position while
using);
Affordable (cost < $0.05/user/day, capital and service costs
included);
Aesthetically appealing;
Suppressing smell and removing pathogens from waste streams;
For single family or for a community facility;
Achieving the above without needing connection to networked
power, water, or sewers; and
Recovering by-products of financial value (e.g. fuel products,
clean water, fertilizer) if possible.
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Reinvent the Toilet Challenge –China(RTTC China)
1st Round Launch Conference 2nd Round Launch Conference
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OVEREVIEW: The new toilets in RTTC-China
MFC TOILET
BIO-OIL TOILET
FOAMING TOILET
Microbial TOILET
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RTTC China-Round 1
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(Beijing EnviroSystems Engineering and Technology Co.,Ltd)
Air flush toilet
by solar or biogasair
clean water
fertilizer
urine
faces vacuum
No sewer, no grid Can be driven by solar energy Cleaning water
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Application of an innovative flat sheet FO membrane
module for concentration of source separated urine
(Tsinghua University)
Based on a source-separation toilet system, the urine and feces are collected separately. The urine is concentrated by the FO membrane system and used as a high-efficient liquid fertilizer , the feces is digested to eliminated the pathogens.
A RO membrane system is used to recovery draw solution in and produce clean water for flush and greening.
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Prototype testing
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Vacuum
station
Greywater
treatment
Urine
storage
Membrane
system
Draw
solution
Reclaimed
water
Control
panel
Greywater
storage
Anaerobic
digester
Urine diversion
vacuum toilet
Air flush
urinal
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Toilet wastewater treatment and resource recovery
system using FO as the key unit for household toilets
with modified biochar pretreated (Tsinghua University)
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Prototype
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Configuration and operation of the treatment process of
toilet fecal water by high-performance ABR-MFC-MEC
system (Shanghai University of Technology)
Parasite eggs and pathogenic
microorganisms in fecesRemove 95% Remove 99% Further…
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Prototype testing
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The Development of Thermochemical Facilities by
Using Feces to Produce Biomass Oil
(Beijing University of chemical technology)
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RTTC China-Round 2
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Human
manure
HTG Biogas and Biohydrogen
Batch HTL Continuous HTL
Heat
supply
Biocrude oil
Ash/Biochar
CO2
Aqueous
Treatment of human waste through integrated HTL-
gasification technologies (China Agricultural University)
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China university of Geosciences (Beijing)
Treatment of human waste sewage by MAP crystallization-
MDC coupled reactor and recovering valuable substance
and energy
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A mechanical transmission type toilet without water
flushing by using the source separation
(Hunan Hyso environment biological technology co.,LTD)
The source solid-liquid separation technology has
been applied to achieve self-cleaning without water;
Feces are disposed by artificial dynamic without
external energy device and feces will be made into
organic fertilizers by biological fermentation, Urine
purification and recycling can be realized after
anaerobic rotten and micro algae processing.
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(Yunnan Huiyun Yeguang Engineering Co. Ltd. )
Research & Development of Biodegradable Foaming Liquid
Exclusively for Foam Toilets
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Microbe reagent development for no-water or less-water
flush toilet fecal sludge processing
(Dalian Jinzhou Jinshui Cleaning facilities Factory)
Lactobacillus
Bacillus cereus
Pseudomonadaceae
Aeromonas
New EM for fecal sludge stabilization
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Part 3:
Toilet revolution campaign in China
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China National Tourism Administration (CNTA in short)Tourism Toilet Design Contest
China National Tourism Administration (CNTA in short)First National Tourism Reinvent Toilet Campaign
03-05. 2015
01-03. 2016
President Xi Jinpin
There is a great need to have a toilet revolution, so that the residents in rural area could get access to sanitary toilet
-----16/07/2015
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The fifth space- new toilet in Beijing
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The fifth space- new toilet in Beijing
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Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation
010-62334378
www.susanchina.cn
No.30, Xueyuan RD, Haidian District, Beijing, China
THANK YOU!