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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Multidimensional Data Modeling for Feature Extraction and Mapping
ACSM
April 19, 2004
E. Lynn [email protected]
http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/carto_research
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Outline
Motivation Objectives Approach Theoretical Model Implementation Scale Dependent Feature Rendering Conclusions
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Motivation
Conventional GIS model the world in two-dimensions with a map model and geographic features dependent on geometry for definition
This map model limits three-dimensional and temporal analysis, and multidimensional, multi-scale representations
Cognition studies indicate that humans perceive the geographic world as a set of definable entities with spatial, thematic, and temporal attributes associated
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Objectives
Provide a theoretical model based on feature orientation
Develop the model to support unique entities with spatial, thematic, and temporal attributes and relations for each feature instance
Implement the model in a feature library and use the library for feature extraction to support The National Map
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Approach
Implement the theoretical feature model in an object-oriented library
Develop feature instances for 20 specific features that are relevant to The National Map
Develop attributes and relationships including multiple representations (raster and vector) of attributes for each feature instance
Determine the extraction capability of each feature from various image sources
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Feature Model
Feature is geographic entity and object representation
One feature, many objects Multiple resolutions Multiple geometries Access from single identity
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Dimensions, Attributes, and Relationships of Geographic Phenomena
Space Theme Time-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Attributes , ,Z color, size, date, duration
point, line, area, shape, ph, ... period, ...surface, volume, pixel, voxel, ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Relationships topology, topology, topology,
direction, is_a, kind_of, is_a, was_a,distance, ... part_of, ... will_be ...
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Definitions
Feature - A set of phenomena with common attributes and relationships. The concept of feature encompasses both entity and object.
Entity - A real-world phenomenon that cannot be subdivided into phenomena of the same kind.
Object - A digital representation of all or a part of an entity. Attribute - Characteristic of a feature or of an attribute value. Relationship - Linkage between features or objects. Feature instance - An occurrence of a feature defined by a unique set
of attributes and relationships.
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Databases Supporting Feature Extraction and Map Generation
Feature Attributes and Relationships Image
Image Chips Spectral Responses Digital Number Ranges for Multimodal Images
Map Symbol Specifications Symbol Chips Inclusion Criteria
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Feature Library Implementation
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Multiple Feature InstanceExample with Actual Data
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Feature Instance Implementation with Actual Water Quality Data
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Relationship Implementation from NHD
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Time Attribute Implementation
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National Map Feature Extraction
Camp Lejeune study site 20 features selected All attributes and relationships built based on
DLG-E specifications Image chips extracted for storage as attributes Spectral responses determined (laboratory and
from images)
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Table of the 20 Features
Type Features
Point (5) Helipad, Rock, Tank, Tower, Wreck
Line (6) Bridge, Road, Shoreline, Stream/River, Trail, Transmission Line
Polygon (9) Aircraft Facility, Apron/Taxiway, Building, Lake/Pond, Parking Site, Pier/Breakwater/Jetty, Shrub Land, Swamp/Marsh, Trees
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Feature Part Representation
Helipad 3 Transportation 0/2-DRock 2 Hydrography 0DTank 6 Built-up 0/2-D
Tower 6 Built-up 0/2-DWreck 2 Hydrography 0DBridge 2 Hydrography 0/1/2-DRoad 3 Transportation 1/2-D
Shoreline 2 Hydrography 1DStream/ River 2 Hydrography 1/2-D
Trail 3 Transportation 1DTransmission Line 6 Built-up 1DAircraft Facility 3 Transportation 2DApron/ Taxiway 3 Transportation 2D
Building 6 Built-up 0/2-DLake/Pond 2 Hydrography 0/2-DParking Site 3 Transportation 2D
Pier/ Breakwater/ Jetty 6 Built-up 1/2-D
Shrubland 10 Veg Surface Cover 2D
Swamp/ Marsh 2 Hydrography 2DTrees 10 Veg Surface Cover 2D
DLG-E Features
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Airport -- DOQ
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Airport – Ikonos Pan
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Airport – Ikonos Pan-sharpened
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Airport – Ikonos MX
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Airport – SPOT Pan
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Airport – CIR Photo
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Trail – DOQ
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Trail – Ikonos Pan
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Trail – Ikonos Pan-sharpened
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Trail – Ikonos MX
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Trail – SPOT
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Trail – CIR Photo
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Airport Map Symbol
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Trail Map Symbol
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Geodatabase for the Study Area in ArcCatalog
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Airport Feature
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The Study Area – Camp Lejeune, NC
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Scale Dependent Renderer
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Trees on 1:30,000-Scale Map
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Trees on 1:9,000-Scale Map
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Buildings Rendered as Polygons 1:5,000-Scale Map
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Buildings Rendered as Polygons/Points Based on the Longest Axis -- 1:12,000-Scale Map
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Buildings Rendered as Points on 1:28,000-Scale Map
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Buildings Not Displayed on 1:55,000- Scale Map
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Conclusions
A theoretical model of features existing in the real world as single geographical entities has been developed
This model shows promise for implementing feature extraction methods and scale-dependent rendering for The National Map
Probabilities for extracting specific features from multimodal sources can be developed based on feature attributes and relationships and appearance in various image sources
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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Multidimensional Data Modeling for Feature Extraction and Mapping
ACSM
April 19, 2004
E. Lynn [email protected]
http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/carto_research