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Use of Prognostic Meteorological Model Output in Dispersion
ModelsEighth Modeling ConferenceResearch Triangle Park, NC
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Current Approach for Meteorological Data Input
• NWS observation data
• NWS upper air soundings
• On-site data
• Parameters calculated from profiles
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Proposed Approach for Meteorological Data Input
• Utilize met model data currently available– Regional applications and National rules– Data must be processed for dispersion
modeling
• Model-ready input pre-processed– Default settings
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Long-Term Goal for Meteorological Data Input
• Sub-regional dispersion model applications using inputs from regional grid model applications
• Real-time or forecasted dispersion modeling – may be in conjunction with similar regional grid modeling
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Advantages to Modeled Meteorology Data
• Better geographical representation in many cases– More consistent upper-air representation
• More scientifically sound
• Accepted for other modeling (MM5) or by NWS– NWS updates and improvements
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Advantages to Modeled Meteorology Data
• Consistent with regional modeling applications
• Less costly to develop for modeling
• Easier transition to real-time and forecasting applications
• Should be easier to use
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General Steps
• MM5 data into dispersion model
• NCEP product data into dispersion model– Build upon NCEP’s Eta input into CMAQ for
forecasting– Start with initialized fields, then move to
forecast fields
• Evaluate every step of the way
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Test Project – Philadelphia Benzene 2001
• Goal: To conduct an air quality model simulation using meteorological input exclusively from a prognostic grid model (MM5) as a simple replacement for NWS observation data at the same location.– Well-characterized emissions– Reasonable results from ISC and AERMOD– Corresponding MM5 output available
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Philadelphia Domain from 36 km MM5
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Tasks1. Run MPRM/ISC using NWS observations and
compare to original2. Run AERMET/AERMOD using NWS
observations and compare to 13. Extract met data from MM5 for corresponding
grid 4. Translate parameters from MM5 to AERMET
output5. Calculate any values not explicitly output my
MM5 but output by AERMET
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Tasks
6. Replace AERMOD calculated meteorological data with MM5 output only if available from MM5
7. Run AERMOD using reformatted MM5 data hybrid as meteorological input
8. Examine met processor and dispersion model output
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Hourly average wind speed
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Win
d s
pee
d (
m/s
)
NWS
MM5
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Climatology
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NWS
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MM5
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Climatology
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Hourly average 2 meter temperature
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Tem
per
atu
re (
K)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average surface pressure
1008
1010
1012
1014
1016
1018
1020
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Pre
ssur
e (m
b)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average surface pressure with 4 mb correction to MM5
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Pre
ssur
e (m
b)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average hourly rainfall
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average relative humidity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
RH
(%
)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average cloud cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Clo
ud c
over
(te
nths
)
NWS
MM5
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Cloud cover classes
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
<= 1
1-2 ten
ths
2-3 ten
ths
3-4 ten
ths
4-5 ten
ths
5-6 ten
ths
6-7 ten
ths
7-8 ten
ths
8-9 ten
ths
9-10 te
nths
miss
Cloud Cover (tenths)
Num
ber
of h
ours
NWSMM5
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Hourly average of sensible heat flux by hour
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Sens
ible
Hea
t F
lux
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average of w* by hour
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
W*
(m/s
)
NWS
MM5
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W* classes
0100020003000
400050006000
<= 0.351
0.351-
0.691
0.691-
1.031
1.031-
1.371
1.371-
1.711
1.711-
2.051
2.051-
2.391
2.391-
2.731
2.731-
30.71
30.71-
3.408 m
iss
W* (m/s)
Num
ber
of h
ours
NWSMM5
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Hourly average mechanical mixing heights
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Mix
ing
heig
ht (
m)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average convective mixing heights
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Mix
ing
heig
ht (
m)
NWS
MM5
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Convective mixing height classes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
<=400
400-800
800-1200
1200-1600
1600-2000
2000-2400
2400-2800
2800-3200
3200-3600
3600-4000
miss
Mixing heights (m)
Num
ber
of h
ours
NWSMM5
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Hourly average convective mixing heights
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Mix
ing
heig
ht (
m)
NWS
MM5 PBL
MM5 CALC
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Hourly average mechanical mixing heights
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Mix
ing
heig
ht (
m)
NWS
MM5
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Hourly average mechanical mixing heights
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of day
Mix
ing
heig
ht (
m)
NWS
MM5 PBL
MM5 CALC
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Mechanical mixing height classes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000<= 400
400-8
00800
-120
0120
0-16
00160
0-20
00200
0-24
00240
0-28
00280
0-32
00320
0-36
00360
0-40
00
miss
Mixing heights (m)
Num
ber
of h
ours
NWSMM5
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Summary Statistics for AERMOD Annual Average Benzene Concentrations (µg/m3)
for Philadelphia using 1999 Emissions and 2001 Meteorological Input Data
Min Value 20th Pct. 40th Pct. 60th Pct. 80th Pct.Max
Value
AERMETBenzene
0.05239 0.23427 0.32708 0.40961 0.50605 1.55951
MM5 Benzene
0.25023 0.8288 1.13717 1.38664 1.6522 3.43579
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Concentrations (ug/m3)
0.05239 - 0.32404
0.32405 - 0.48753
0.48754 - 0.87527
0.87528 - 1.38672
1.38673 - 3.43579
PHL Benzene Annual Average Concentrations (All Sources)1999 Emissions, 2001 NWS Meteorology (AERMET)
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Concentrations (ug/m3)
0.05239 - 0.32404
0.32405 - 0.48753
0.48754 - 0.87527
0.87528 - 1.38672
1.38673 - 3.43579
PHL Benzene Annual Average Concentrations (All Sources)1999 Emissions, 2001 MM5 Meteorology (34 Levels)
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Concentrations (ug/m3)
0.05239 - 0.32404
0.32405 - 0.48753
0.48754 - 0.87527
0.87528 - 1.38672
1.38673 - 3.43579
PHL Benzene Annual Average Concentration DifferenceDIFF = MM5_Benzene - AERMET_Benzene (All Sources)
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QQ Plot
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Next steps – MM5 and AERMOD
• Different meteorological station locations (surface and upper-air)
• Emissions datasets similar to permit applications (not toxics)
• Expand beyond single MM5 grid cell
• Expand evaluations
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Next Steps (Beyond MM5 & AERMOD)
• Continue to evaluate• CALPUFF adaptations of AERMOD activities
(CALMM5) • NCEP model output replaces MM5, preferably in
both regional grid and local dispersion modeling• Transition to real-time and forecast model
output.• Collaborate with Workgroup