Download - Used Cooking Oil Candle
OIL AND FAT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
(CPB 30303)
MINI PROJECT
USED COOKING OIL CANDLE
SUBMITTED BY:
MOHAMAD ASHAZIQ BIN ABU BAKAR
(55201210121)
AZLAN BUN MUSTAPA
(55201210019)
AHMAD HAZWAN BIN MOHD ISA
(55201210062)
FATIN ATIQAH BT ABDUL GHANI
(55201210177)
SHERLYNNA PARVEEN ANAK DESHON KAMAN
(55201210077)
AFZAL BIN ZAINUL ABIDIN
(55201210397)
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. AZRIN ABDUL RAHMAN
COURSE:
BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECH. (PROCESS) - 5 BCP A
DATE:
02 NOVEMBER 2012
INTRODUCTION
Cooking oil is defined as any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking. Vegetable
oil includes any group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants. Waste cooking oils
which are also known as used cooking oils (UCO) are resulted from the cooking of food by
home cookers, food manufacturers and catering establishments such as restaurants and
industrial kitchens. As oil have a density which is less than water, it has the ability to spread
into thin and broad membranes which can slower down the oxygenation process of water. By
this way, the presence of oil even in a small volume can contaminate a great amount of water.
After cooking, usually UCO is thrown into sinks, drains, onto the ground and also
onto the garbage for disposal. These are not proper ways in disposing the UCO as it would
arise many problems consequently. UCO might solidify into thick layers inside drain pipes
and sewers which will cause blockage and constrict the water flow. Furthermore, clogged
pipes/sewers lead to foul-smelling odours and rats, which will also leads to a dirty
environment. Contaminated water caused by UCO will also affect the life of underwater flora
and fauna.
There are a few proper ways to dispose UCO. The basic step is to put UCO in a sealed
and non-recyclable container and discard it with regular garbage. Besides than, refrigerating
the UCO in container to harden is also makes disposal easier and less messy. But in our
project, we have reused the UCO for another objective. We decided to produce candles by
using UCO.
Today, candles are made not only for lighting purposes but for many other uses such
as home décor, novelty collections, as fixtures for big occasions (weddings and baptismal),
and as scented varieties for aromatherapy. Candles can be made out from different types of
waxes and oils, including the UCO. Oil candles are alternatives of wax candles. Both types
use a fuel source and a wick but instead of melting wax and burning the wick, oil candles use
the wick as a conductor, burning the oil only. A quality oil candle has advantages over a wax
candle in terms of safety and economy. An oil candle gives out less soot compared to wax
candle. Overall, an oil candle is much safer to be used instead of a wax candle.
METHODOLOGY
Material:
I. 100mL used cooking oil
II. 50g paraffin wax
III. Beaker
IV. Freezer
V. Laboratory water bath
VI. Tea filter
VII. Used transparent plastic cup
VIII. Wick
Methods:
1. The used oil filtered by using tea filter.
2. The 50g of wax was prepared.
3. Then, the 100g of used oil was weight and prepared.
4. The solid 50g of wax was melted using the laboratory water bath.
5. After that, mixed the melted wax and used oil together. Put it into plastic cup.
6. The wick was inserted into the mixture and the mixture is air-dried in room
temperature.
7. The mixture saved into the freezer to cool it down about 10°C - 5°C.
Figure 1: Flowchart of Producing Used Cooking Oil Candle
1. The used cooking oil was filtered with tea filter (Appendix 1.1)
2. 50g of wax was prepared
(Appendix 1.3)
3. 100g of used cooking oil was
weighed (Appendix 1.4)
4. The solid 50 g was melted using water bath (Appendix 1.5)
5. Mixed the melted wax with the used oil. Put the mixture inside
plastic cup
6. The wick was inserted into the mixture and the
mixture is air-dried. (Appendix 1.6)
7. The mixture was kept into the freezer.
(Appendix 1.7)
MASS BALANCE
Overall mass balance
INPUT = OUTPUT
Figure 2: Flow diagram production of candle by waste cooking oil
Feed 1+ Feed 2 = Product
50.162g (paraffin wax) + 100.780g (used cooking oil) = 150.942g (candle)
Description:
This chapter discusses on the mass balances involved during the production of candle.
The main target of this process is to recycle used cooking oil to become a candle. Basically,
this method of producing candle uses paraffin wax and used cooking oil as in the feed stock.
This process was carried out in a non-continuous process; the feed stock of cooking oil is first
filtered to remove the impurities. The filtered used cooking oil weighing 100.780g and the
paraffin wax is 50.162g were placed in separate beaker before the process was taken place.
Firstly the paraffin wax is heated to get into liquid form and then the oil is poured into the
liquid. The solution is stirred until homogenous around 80°C-90°C. The solution of paraffin
wax and the used oil is then undergoing freezing process in the freezer.
DISCUSSION
Cooking oil consists of glycerol esters of fatty acids. As the name
mentioned, cooking oil is used as cooking medium whether it is to fry, to
roast, to bake or any other cooking method that involve cooking oil. In
normal practice, whether at home or at restaurant, the cooking oil will be
reused more than one time.
The range of temperature for frying the oil is usually around 170°C
to 220°C. During the heating of the oil in the presence of oxygen (air),
some chemical reactions occur such as hydrolysis, oxidation and
polymerization. This shows there are some changes in character of the oil
where its viscosity increases, its color tend to become darker and lead to
rancidity.
Rancidity is defined as the decomposition of fats, oils and other
lipids through oxidation. This oxidation of fats destabilizes the molecule as
an oxygen ion is replacing a hydrogen ion in the fatty acid molecule. These
chemical reactions cause highly reactive molecules in rancid food which
destroy nutrients in the food. In addition to having strange flavors and
odours, rancid oil may contain possibly carcinogenic free radicals.
Therefore, usually the cooking oil will only be reused 2-3 times.
Based on the density, cooking oil has the density of around 0.915-
0.928 g/cm3 (Hodgman, 1924) and water of 1.0 g/cm3. Cooking oil is much
lighter than water and tends to spread on top of water thus hinder the
oxygenation of water. Thus, if the used cooking oil is not properly
disposed, it can contaminate the water and can congeal on pipes causing
blockages. Therefore, rather than improper way of disposing the used
cooking oil, it is preferable that the used cooking oil be recycle to produce
useful product.
The idea of creating reusable item from the used cooking oil was
established, thus candle made up of used cooking oil was created. The
first proposal in creating the candle was to produce a oil candle just from
the used cooking oil and a wick. The problems with the idea was the
storage of the candle as it still remains liquid after being used and may
cause spillage of the oil. So, new idea was proposed where the candle
solidified after the fire is put out. To meet this demand, paraffin wax was
added to replicate the paraffin wax characteristic of being solidified after
being cool down in room temperature.
By referring to experiment done by Gladys(2009), she set up a few
trial of different percentage of composition of paraffin wax and used
cooking oil. From the experiment done, it can be concluded that the more
the composition of used cooking oil in the candle, the brighter the candle
glow. And the more the used cooking oil use, the longer is the candle’s
lifespan.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the objectives of the experiment was
achieved. As been assigned, the experiment done must meet the theme
which is ‘Go Green’. It refers to how we can preserve good and healthy
environment by recycling the used cooking oil into something new and
useful. So, we create candles by using the used cooking oil. This can
reduce the contamination because of cooking oil waste that being dumped
anywhere after being used. Even though the first trial of using used
cooking oil and wick was failed, but the second trial shows a satisfying
result which was paraffin wax was used into the formula. It gives the
candle a hard composition of a solid, hard enough for being a candle. This
experiment has succeeded in implementing ‘Go Green’ theme which is to
preserve a good and healthy environment.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1.1 Appendix 1.2
Appendix 1.3 Appendix 1.4
Appendix 1.5 Appendix 1.6
Appendix 1.7