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Using Ecosystem Service Values to Inform Coastal Policy
Decisions: A California Experiment with
Lessons for AlaskaSteve Colt
University of Alaska [email protected]
Institute of Social and Economic ResearchACRC Juneau 19 April 2012
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Outline
• Quiz• Context• California valuation exercise• Southeast Alaska ecosystem services
examples• So what?
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Helicopter-based dog mushing excursions, Juneau
Quiz:What SE Alaska tourism sub-industry generated $16 million in revenue from one activity in 2006?
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Context• Ecosystem services have value• Knowledge of ES values can inform better
management and development (Kaveira)• Knowledge of ES values can inform shared
understanding of the value of place (Chapin)• Tourism and harvest are obvious ways to
monetize and (perhaps) to nurture ES values. (90% Alaskans support salmon habitat)
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California valuation exercise• CA Ocean Protection Council
• At OPC request, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis assembled a team of economists, ecologists, mappers, lawyers, and policy makers
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California valuation exercise
• Objective: provide spatially explicit and policy-relevant values for ecosystem services generated in coastal regions in California
• Analogue: “avoided externalities” of solar PV and solar thermal power projects
• Applications: permitting, budgeting, mitigation schemes, offsets, ???
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California exercise objectives
• CA OPC wanted a balance sheet or menu of ES values
• How much is one acre of salt marsh worth?• If we’re going to build roads, housing, or malls
on coastal ecosystem areas (such as marshes), we should know what we’re losing
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The matrix: before lit search marshes beach mud flats
lagoon and salt ponds estuaries
rocky intertidal kelp rocky reefs shell reefs seagrass inner shelf
outer shelves, edges, slopes
seamounts and mid-
ocean ridges
deep sea and central
gyresdeep sea
ventsPROVISIONING
food
--capture fisheries
--aquaculture
--wild plant and animal products
fiber
genetic resources
biochemicals, natural medicines, pharmaceuticals
ornamental resources
human habitation
human navigation
energy (for human use)
REGULATING
air quality regulation
climate regulation
erosion regulation
water purification, waste treatment
disease regulation
pest regulation
pollination (and seed dispersal)
natural hazard regulation
freshwater storage and retention
gas regulation
CULTURAL
cultural diversity
spiritual and religious values
knowledge systems
educational values
inspiration
aesthetic values
social relations
sense of place
cultural heritage values
recreation and ecotourism
SUPPORTING
photosynthesis
primary production
nutrient cycling
water cycling
BUNDLED ATTRIBUTES
Item: Habitat and refugia
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The matrix: after marshes beach mud flats
lagoon and salt ponds estuaries
rocky intertidal kelp rocky reefs shell reefs seagrass inner shelf
outer shelves, edges, slopes
seamounts and mid-ocean
ridgesdeep sea and central gyres
deep sea vents
PROVISIONING
food NOTE 7 NOTE 7 40-55 9
--capture fisheries 55 - 81
--aquaculture
--wild plant and animal products 26
fiber
genetic resources
biochemicals, natural medicines, pharmaceuticals
ornamental resources
human habitation
human navigation
energy (for human use)
REGULATING
air quality regulation
climate regulation NOTE 1
erosion regulation 31,131
water purification, waste treatment NOTE 4 NOTE 7 NOTE 7 NOTE 9
disease regulation NOTE 9
pest regulation
pollination (and seed dispersal)
natural hazard regulation 278 - 332 NOTE 7 NOTE 7 52
freshwater storage and retention
gas regulation 22
CULTURAL 41-45 45
cultural diversity
spiritual and religious values
knowledge systems
educational values
inspiration
aesthetic values
social relations
sense of place
cultural heritage values 27 17 NOTE 7 NOTE 7
recreation and ecotourism 16,946
(NOTE 2) NOTE 4 8 - 346 NOTE 7 NOTE 7
48 (NOTE 9)
NOTE 10
SUPPORTING
photosynthesis
primary production 1,102 - 1,833
nutrient cycling 11,188
(NOTE 8)843-2,165 69
water cycling 56
BUNDLED ATTRIBUTES (NOTE 1) 36,000 - 83,000
(NOTE 2) NOTE 3 NOTE 4
421 - 817 (NOTE 5)
NOTE 6
Item: Habitat and refugia 77 - 415
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California exercise: Results
1. Very few papers provide spatially explicit values for coastal ecosystem services2. Many spatially explicit values are for an unspecified “bundle” of services3. Where they do exist the values vary widely
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Studies valuing marine ecosystem services worldwide(searched 100s of articles, found 35 that “worked”)
per year (flow) per use
one-time (asset
value??)unclear,
aggregatespatially explicit:
per unit area (acre, hectare) 4 2 person-related:
per person 1 3 3 per household 8 2 per user (angler, visitor, party, respondent) 3 2
other:per unit of resource (fish) 1
per aggregate resource (coastline, bay, species in a region) 1 2 per business enterprise 1 per residential property 1
unclear, aggregate 1 Total: 35
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Selected Economic Values of Marine Ecosystems Worldwide
2008US$/ha/yrService Category Estuary Beach
CULTURAL
Cultural heritage values
17 27
Recreation and ecotourism
8 - 346 16,946
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Selected Economic Values of Marine Ecosystems Worldwide
2008US$/ha/yrService Category Estuary Beach
SUPPORTING
Habitat and refugia 77 - 415 -
Primary production -
Water cycling
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
estuary habitat
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Southeast Alaska example: valuation of saltwater charter sport fishing
Ginny Fay, Darcy Dugan, Steve ColtInstitute of Social and Economic Research
University of Alaska AnchorageUAA-CNF Climate Symposium
May 5, 2011
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Registered charter fishing vessels 1983-2004
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Years
Reg
iste
red
Ves
sels
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Data
• AK Fish & Game– Quantity (fishing effort by area fished)
• Interviews & Web– Price information
• Business licenses & Web– associated reality checks
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Method
• Aggregate the number of clients and/or boat-hours within each ADF&G statistical area.
• Allocate the revenue “from” each ADFG stat. area to its most logical community– (many-to-one relationship)
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Results:
Total SE AK:
143,000 clients
37,560 trips
$73.5 million gross revenue
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Example of specificity
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Variation in revenue per square km
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
Revenue per square km, by stat areaaverage = $2,023
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Lorenz curve of total revenue
-
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Cum
ulati
ve re
venu
e, $
Cumulative area, square km
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Lorenz curve total clients
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Cum
ulati
ve c
lient
s
Cumulative area, square km
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Highest revenue per square km:
Logbook Areas 101451 and 101452 averaged together
$49,294 per square km
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So what?
• Very large variation in measured ES values per square km
• Reflects different ways of thinking about
“the benefits people obtain from ecosystems”
Economics
Ecology
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So what?
Bob Weeden, AK Fish & Game 1987
“I do not advocate turning away from economic valuation”“Nor do I advocate embracing porcupines too warmly”
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References• N. Raheema, , , S. Coltb, , E. Fleishmanc, m, 1, , J. Talberthd, , P. Swedeene, , K.J. Boylef, ,
M. Ruddg, , R.D. Lopezh, 2, , D. Crockeri, , D. Bohanj, , T. O'Higginsk, , C. Willerl, , R.M. Boumansm, . 2012. Application of non-market valuation to California's coastal policy decisions. Marine Policy. Available online 23 February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.01.005
• Fay, G.; Dugan, D.; Fay-Hiltner, I.; Wilson, M.; Colt, S. 2007. Testing a methodology for estimating the economic significance of saltwater charter fishing in Southeast Alaska. Anchorage: ISER. http://www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu/Publications/EconSE_Saltwater_Charter_Fish_070530.pdf
• Weeden, R. 1987. On Wooden Nickels, Trojan Horses, and Lonely Drummers. Alaska Fish & Game May-June.