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Using spatial technology to help solve social policy issues
Marnie Leybourne
Director, WALIS
“Immediate past” President, Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute
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What are social policy issues?
Social policy: the study of social welfare and its relationship to politics and society
Traditional areas: income support, education, health, housing, employment, social care
Primary aim: to reduce inequality in society
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Why does social policy need help?
Social security and welfare,
110,994
Infrastructure, transport and energy, 13,886
Defence, 20,952Education,
35,222
Industry and workforce,
13,271
General government
services, 80,478
Health, 51,223
Community services and
culture, 12,188
Australian Government 2009-10 budget overview
expenses (in $millions)
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Scary trends
Australian government estimates for 2009/10 have allocated 48 per cent of the total budget to health, social security and welfare
The modest increases in the forward estimates will not meet demand
By 2021, 4.2 million Australians >65 years; 500,000 >85 years
All projections show huge increase in disabilities, chronic health issues, etc
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Restructuring the welfare state
Development of indicators tied to outputs of social programmes
“Universal provision” versus “individual targeting”
Fragmentation of service delivery – accountability on the part of government has been diminished.
Jurisdictional or localised views
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How can spatial information help?All public policy making and service delivery is spatial
InfrastructureElectricitySub-stationsGasWaterHydrantsSewerageStorm waterTelecoms
SocialDemography-Age/sex-Culture-Disability-Religion, etcEmploymentValuationsPedestrians
LocationalPoliceFireAmbulanceSESSchoolsHospitalsAged careCommunityCentresIconsKey buildingsSports facilitiesCCTV
EnvironmentalCadastreRoadsImageryTopographyCensusAdmin. Bdys.
‘‘Real Real World’World’
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Problems
Australia does not have a well-developed policy framework for spatial targeting
Funding to agencies is still based on priorities of individual departments or functional areas
No well-developed SDI
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Location, location, location
The rising concentrations of policy occurring in many postcodes highlight the winners and losers from economic prosperity, and means that where you live determines your life chances.
Australian Government Treasurer, Wayne Swan,
2005
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Spatial analysis in social policy
Map produced by Dr John Snow that showed the relationship between drinking water pump site and cholera deaths in London - 1854
A long history
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Using spatial analysis to site new amenitiesThrough the Shared Land Information Platform (SLIP)
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the Shared Land Information PlatformYour Place, Your Knowledge
AerialPhotography(Landgate)
WindVectors(BoM)
AboriginalSites(DIA)
ThreatenedFauna(DEC)
Managed LandsAnd Waters
(DEC)
Hydrology –Water Bodies
(DoW)
Hydrology –Rivers & Streams
(DoW
FlightPaths
(CASA)
Roads(MR)
RailwayLines
(Landgate)
Geonoma(Landgate)
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AdequateShortageNon-existent
Divisions of General Practice
Pilbara
Eastern GoldfieldsMidwest
Central Wheatbelt
Level of workforce provision
0 200 400 600 800 Kilometers
Great Southern
Kimberley
Greater Bunbury
Peel Sth West
“Identifying areas of medical workforce shortage”
Jessica Scott, CUCRH 2004
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Doctors’ residences – places of work
Charles Gardner Hospital versus Fiona Stanley Hospital
“GIS in Health”
Grace Yun, DOH, 2008
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Case study
Mouth and throat cancer mortality of white females, 1950-69 in the USA, by state economic area
Significantly higher than average rate of mortality in mid to south-east
Textile manufacturing (mills) prevalent in this area
Conclusion?
“Statistical perspectives on spatial social science” The 2006 Morris Hansen Lecture, National Cancer
Institute, USA, November 6
Professor Michael Goodchild
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Professor Michael Goodchild, 2006
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Case study
Fact: Textile mills not the cause
Widespread use (in these areas) of smokeless tobacco (snuff)
Policy changes included the ban of sales to minors and campaigns to stop its use
Example 2
Mortality rates of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer among white males linked to occupational exposure to asbestos
Professor Michael Goodchild, 2006
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1.8 1.8
Policies
Claims
Claims in affected area
No claim in affected area
Claims NOT in affected area
Source: ASIBA (now Spatial Industries Business Association - SIBA), Spatial Interoperability Demonstration Project Roadshow, 2005.
Thinking outside the
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Thank you