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Vaccination Vaccination Protocols in the Protocols in the
HorseHorseWho, What, When, Where, Who, What, When, Where,
WhyWhyBenjamin R Buchanan, DVMBenjamin R Buchanan, DVM
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal MedicineMedicine
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical CareEmergency and Critical Care
Brazos Valley Equine HospitalBrazos Valley Equine Hospital
Navasota, TX 77868Navasota, TX 77868
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization
Active Active ImmunizationImmunization
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Active Active ImmunizationImmunization
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Passive Passive ImmunizationImmunization Brief period of Brief period of
protectionprotection Antibody absorption Antibody absorption
one time onlyone time only Active ImmunizationActive Immunization
Prolonged period of Prolonged period of protectionprotection
Boosting of protective Boosting of protective response by response by additional exposureadditional exposure
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How vaccines work:How vaccines work:
Passive or Active Passive or Active ImmunizationImmunization AntibodyAntibody Antibody-Antigen Antibody-Antigen
InteractionInteraction
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WhoWho, What, Where, , What, Where, When, Why…..When, Why…..
Who needs to be vaccinated:Who needs to be vaccinated: All horses need certain vaccinationsAll horses need certain vaccinations Depends on:Depends on:
Environment Environment Region of countryRegion of country Degree of exposure to other horsesDegree of exposure to other horses Pregnant or Open Pregnant or Open
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Who, Who, WhatWhat, Where, , Where, When, Why…..When, Why…..
Eastern EncephalitisEastern Encephalitis Western EncephalitisWestern Encephalitis Venezuelan Venezuelan
EncephalitisEncephalitis West Nile EncephalitisWest Nile Encephalitis InfluenzaInfluenza Equine Herpes VirusEquine Herpes Virus
Respiratory Respiratory AbortionAbortion
TetanusTetanus Tetanus toxoidTetanus toxoid Tetanus antitoxinTetanus antitoxin
Rabies Rabies Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi
(strangles)(strangles) Potomac Horse Fever Potomac Horse Fever
(Neoricketsia ristici)(Neoricketsia ristici) Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum Equine Viral ArteritisEquine Viral Arteritis
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Who, What, Who, What, WhereWhere, , When, Why…..When, Why…..
IntramuscularIntramuscular IntranasalIntranasal
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Who, What, Who, What, WhereWhere, , When, Why…..When, Why…..
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Who, What, Who, What, WhereWhere, , When, Why…..When, Why…..
IntranasalIntranasal
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. RabiesRabies
Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = 100%100%
If infected, If infected, significant threat significant threat to peopleto people
TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable
diseasedisease
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. RabiesRabies
Initial at 5-6 Initial at 5-6 monthsmonths
Booster in 4 weeksBooster in 4 weeks Booster at one Booster at one
yearyear AnnualAnnual Good ProtectionGood Protection Does not rule out Does not rule out
diseasedisease
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. TetanusTetanus
Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = moderatemoderate
Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. TetanusTetanus
TOXOIDTOXOID Initial SeriesInitial Series
5 months and 6 months5 months and 6 months Booster at one yearBooster at one year AnnualAnnual Booster if interval is > 6 Booster if interval is > 6
months with SX and months with SX and lacerationslacerations
ANTITOXINANTITOXIN Associated with hepatic Associated with hepatic
necrosis (theiler’s dz)necrosis (theiler’s dz) Useful in non-vaccinated Useful in non-vaccinated
animals and foals born animals and foals born to non vaccinated mareto non vaccinated mare
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus
Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate = modestmodest
Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission PreventablePreventable June - SeptemberJune - September
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus
TransmissionTransmission
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus
Flavivirus (WNV)Flavivirus (WNV) Initial series > 6 Initial series > 6
monthsmonths Depends on time of Depends on time of
yearyear Maternal antibodies Maternal antibodies
inactivate vaccineinactivate vaccine Bi-annual vaccine?Bi-annual vaccine?
Depends on regionDepends on region Decent protection, but Decent protection, but
does not rule out does not rule out diseasedisease
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Western/Eastern Western/Eastern
EncephalitisEncephalitis Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate =
highhigh Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission PreventablePreventable June – SeptemberJune – September
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Western/Eastern Western/Eastern
EncephalitisEncephalitis Togavirus (WEE/EEE)Togavirus (WEE/EEE) Initial series > 6 Initial series > 6
monthsmonths Depends on time of Depends on time of
yearyear Maternal antibodies Maternal antibodies
inactivate vaccineinactivate vaccine Bi-annual vaccineBi-annual vaccine
Depends on regionDepends on region Decent protection, but Decent protection, but
does not rule out does not rule out diseasedisease
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi
“Strangles”“Strangles” Fatality Rate = lowFatality Rate = low Non zoonoticNon zoonotic Highly contagious Highly contagious
to other horsesto other horses TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable
Sometimes?Sometimes?
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi
“Strangles”“Strangles” Two types of vaccineTwo types of vaccine
IM (whole cell or M-IM (whole cell or M-protein)protein)
IN (provides little IN (provides little systemic immunity)systemic immunity)
Initial series is 2 doses Initial series is 2 doses at 4-6 week intervalsat 4-6 week intervals Foals mount poor Foals mount poor
response to vaccineresponse to vaccine Vaccinate 2-4 weeks Vaccinate 2-4 weeks
prior to exposureprior to exposure Semi-annual BoosterSemi-annual Booster
Purpura hemorrhagica Purpura hemorrhagica is a adverse reaction is a adverse reaction to vaccinationto vaccination
Abscesses and muscle Abscesses and muscle soreness are other soreness are other risksrisks Caution when using IN Caution when using IN
and IM vaccinesand IM vaccines IN/IM vaccine can IN/IM vaccine can
slow a outbreak in a slow a outbreak in a barnbarn Do not vaccinate horses Do not vaccinate horses
showing symptomsshowing symptoms
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza
Fatality rate = lowFatality rate = low Contagious to Contagious to
other horsesother horses TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention
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InfluenzaInfluenza Vaccinate against type H7N7 (A/equine 1) Vaccinate against type H7N7 (A/equine 1)
and H3N8 (A/equine 2) although H3N8 is and H3N8 (A/equine 2) although H3N8 is predominatepredominate
Variants between Europe and AmericasVariants between Europe and Americas Initial series > 6 monthsInitial series > 6 months
Or booster at 6 months if started at 3 monthsOr booster at 6 months if started at 3 months Booster can be 2 or 3 shotsBooster can be 2 or 3 shots
Short-term protectionShort-term protection Frequency of vaccine dependent on life Frequency of vaccine dependent on life
stylestyle
Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine Herpes Equine Herpes
Virus Virus Fatality rate = lowFatality rate = low Contagious to Contagious to
other horsesother horses TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Equine Herpes Equine Herpes
Virus Virus Vaccinate against Vaccinate against
types 1 and 4types 1 and 4 Initial series 5 Initial series 5
monthsmonths Booster at 6 monthsBooster at 6 months Maternal InterferenceMaternal Interference
Short-term Short-term protectionprotection
Frequency of vaccine Frequency of vaccine dependent on life dependent on life stylestyle
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Botulism Botulism
Fatality rate = Fatality rate = moderate-highmoderate-high
Not directly Not directly contagious to contagious to other horsesother horses
TransmissionTransmission PreventionPrevention
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Who, What, Where, When, Who, What, Where, When, WhyWhy….. ….. Potomac Horse Potomac Horse
FeverFever Fatality Rate = Fatality Rate =
moderatemoderate Non zoonoticNon zoonotic TransmissionTransmission Preventable Preventable
Challenge infection:Challenge infection: Clinical signs, except Clinical signs, except
fever, prevented in fever, prevented in 78% of horses, 4 78% of horses, 4 weeks after weeks after vaccination.vaccination.
66% challenged after 9 66% challenged after 9 months became ill.months became ill.
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Vaccine Vaccine Pleasure Pleasure oror
Show Show
Pregnant Pregnant MareMare
Pasture Pasture HorseHorse
Boarding Boarding FacilityFacility
Weanling Weanling (> 6 mo)(> 6 mo)
FrequencFrequencyy
EEE/WEEEEE/WEE XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual
West Nile West Nile VirusVirus
XX XX XX XX XX May/SeptMay/Sept
RabiesRabies XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual
Herpes Herpes (Rhino)(Rhino)
XX XX XX +/-+/- Q 6 Q 6 monthsmonths
TetanusTetanus XX XX XX XX XX AnnualAnnual
InfluenzaInfluenza XX XX XX +/-+/- Q 6 Q 6 monthsmonths
StranglesStrangles XX XX XX +/-+/- AnnualAnnual
PHFPHF +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- +/-+/- April/April/JuneJune
EPMEPM
BotulismBotulism Atlantic Atlantic statesstates
CommentsComments
High rate High rate of exposureof exposure
Maternal Maternal Antibodies Antibodies in last 30 in last 30 days of days of
pregnancypregnancy
Protect Protect from non-from non-
equine equine vectorsvectors
High rate of High rate of exposureexposure
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
BasicBasic $29.95/month$29.95/month No emergency feesNo emergency fees Routine float and Routine float and
sedationsedation Vaccines – Vaccines –
Guarantee*Guarantee* Reminders and Reminders and
BVEH schedules BVEH schedules visitvisit
FecalFecal De-wormerDe-wormer CogginsCoggins Physical and Physical and
lameness examlameness exam Discount on Discount on
Strongid C, Strongid C, Solitude, and ACTH Solitude, and ACTH testingtesting
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
BasicBasic $29.95/month$29.95/month No emergency feesNo emergency fees Routine float and Routine float and
sedationsedation VaccinesVaccines Reminders and Reminders and
BVEH schedules BVEH schedules visitvisit
Cost of all servicesCost of all services $527.00$527.00
Cost of all vaccines Cost of all vaccines one timeone time
$134$134
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
OptimalOptimal $69.95/month$69.95/month
$200 upfront one time$200 upfront one time Colic Surgery Colic Surgery
GuaranteeGuarantee $7,500 any facility in $7,500 any facility in
USUS Medical ColicMedical Colic
$1,000 at BVEH$1,000 at BVEH No emergency feesNo emergency fees Reminders and BVEH Reminders and BVEH
schedules visitschedules visit
Performance float and Performance float and sedationsedation
Vaccines – Guarantee*Vaccines – Guarantee* FecalFecal De-wormerDe-wormer Annual CBC/ChemAnnual CBC/Chem CogginsCoggins Physical and lameness Physical and lameness
examexam Discount on Strongid Discount on Strongid
C, Solitude, and ACTH C, Solitude, and ACTH testingtesting
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
Colic Surgery Colic Surgery GuaranteeGuarantee $$7,500 any facility in US7,500 any facility in US Underwritten by Underwritten by
HartfordHartford
2 to 18 years2 to 18 years Free of colic for 12 Free of colic for 12
monthsmonths No history of colic No history of colic
surgerysurgery No foal in last 60 daysNo foal in last 60 days
Fill out formFill out form Notify Mandy at Notify Mandy at
BVEH-StephenvilleBVEH-Stephenville Send in monthly Send in monthly
report and paymentreport and payment
All vaccines and All vaccines and care must be done care must be done by BVEHby BVEH
Account must be in Account must be in good standinggood standing
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
Spring Spring (March/April)(March/April) Physical ExamPhysical Exam Dental ExamDental Exam Lameness ScreenLameness Screen WNV + EWTWNV + EWT FluFlu RhinoRhino StranglesStrangles CogginsCoggins Fecal and De-wormerFecal and De-wormer
Fall (Oct/Nov)Fall (Oct/Nov) Physical ExamPhysical Exam Dental ExamDental Exam Performance FloatPerformance Float CBC, Chem, ElytesCBC, Chem, Elytes RabiesRabies FluFlu RhinoRhino StranglesStrangles De-wormerDe-wormer
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
What is Not What is Not IncludedIncluded Farm CallFarm Call Lameness work-Lameness work-
upup Other Other
diagnosticsdiagnostics MedicationsMedications
Other than ColicOther than Colic
PneumobortPneumobort Other vaccinesOther vaccines 4X / year Rhino4X / year Rhino Boosters for Boosters for
initial seriesinitial series
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
What if…What if… Horse soldHorse sold
Care will transferCare will transfer Horse diesHorse dies
Prorated refundProrated refund Account Past DueAccount Past Due
Services put on Services put on holdhold
Don’t use Don’t use serviceservice No refundNo refund
Someone else Someone else does routine does routine carecare No guaranteesNo guarantees
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BVEH Wellness PlanBVEH Wellness Plan
What if…What if… Horse becomes illHorse becomes ill
Manufacturer will Manufacturer will pay for testing and pay for testing and treatmenttreatment
FluFlu RabiesRabies WNVWNV EWTEWT
I want to sign upI want to sign up Enrollment form on Enrollment form on
website website www.bveh.com/wellness_plan.htm
I want a discountI want a discount Possibly waive Possibly waive
$200 per horse $200 per horse with multiple with multiple horses or barn horses or barn
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QuestionsQuestions