Download - Values and inclusion
VALUES AND INCLUSION
CARLOS REIS
1. UNDERSTANDING IFFERENCE
1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?
our understanding of difference
1. the other, strange, menacing, avoiding, negative2. worthy of interest, enchanting, seductive, positive
our understanding of difference
two ways of recognizing difference 1. the assimilative/digestive waywe assimilate because we take out, from the stranger, his difference, so we make him “just like us”, but what about is difference?
we digest because we make his difference nule.
But we should recognize he is different and that there is good in that, because there is richness in difference.
(remember the meaning of throwing the dice!)
our understanding of difference
2. the real recognition of difference
how do we get there?2.1. once you don’t understand it
a) be carefullb) respect it
our understanding of difference
2.2. once you start to understand ita) value itb) develop your interest about it(remember you’re lookin into a way of facing/dealing with life itself)
2.3. once you get to understand ita) let it beb) support it if necessary
our understanding of difference
remember that in being what he is, the other, the whom you are not, being different he can be a contribution for your own life, a way through life, and life is such a
mistery
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main characteristics:
individuals differentiating conditions
but a group of minor variables also intervene.
religion
social class
gender
language
ethnicity
life styles
special needs:handicaps
gifts
minorvariables
our understanding of difference
integration vs. Inclusionfocus on adaptation to society
productionadapt
individual
functioningfunctionaries
TECHNOCRATIC PARADIGM
our understanding of difference
integration vs. Inclusionfocus on adaption of society
human lifevalues
assertion
life sustaining
person development
HUMANISTIC PARADIGM
are people made fore societies or societies for people?
balancing: integration vs. inclusion
inclusion
integration
2. VALUES: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW SHOULD WE HARMONIZE
NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES
1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?
inclusion?articulating values
national – identitiesuniversal – similarities
difference and equality
values?values are infinite: no exhaustive table
we can create new values
what do we know about values?
kown we know
kown we don’t know
unknown
our valuesconscious
subconscious
those to behuman creativity
values: what are they?
• the result of a tension between
• a subject
• and
• an object
value is a structural quality that arises from the reaction of a subject before the properties of an object, a relationship that occurs in a given situation.
values: what are they?• Frondizi (1995):• features:
– polarity (positive-negative)Justice injustice
hierarchy (higher-lower values). lower values are more relative higher values require absoluteness
values
lovehappinessfreedomwe all know what it is… but…
can we achieve the fully development ofa superior value?
can we exhaust completely its meaning?
freedom
• explicit recognition, • not so much that we were born free
• but that we are born for freedom• freedom should be favored since birth, or we would risk that it never emerge
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
freedom
• We all know what it is… but…– we are not responsible for being born– We are under determinations and dependences:
• natural• social• conscious • unconscious
• we can transcend what determines us only in a limited way
• freedom has two meanings: • a negative sense: or external, relating to freedom
from coercion – it refers to all the civil and political freedoms as much as for the necessary material conditions,
• a positive sense: or internal, related to the autonomy of rational choices
freedom
• refers to (Laupies, 2005):– Independence: to act and to do what we propose ourselves
• has to deal with the reality that limits the action• the limits of our understanding of the possibilities• we must invent the possibilities
– autonomy or self-determination: free will, • interior resolution, • requires awareness of oneself as an agent
freedom
• Max Scheler (1960):– to act impulsively is just to act without reason, while
being free requires to act by motivated volition– true freedom lies in being determined by values.
• motivated volition opens a problematic:– 1) what freedom of decision we really have?– 2) what is the degree of freedom of our personal
baggage of purposes?– 3) what is the degree of freedom allowed by the
framework of choices in general?
freedom– we are only free of:• “wanting", • “choosing” or "have-to-choose“, • within the sphere of choices we have, that sets limits to our
“wanting“-”have-to-choose”.
national values
express socio-cultural difference: identities cultural paths to deal with life
there is good in difference richness in difference
universal valuesexpress fundamental and inherently claims
substantive conditions to be human(s)
should we accept all differences, particularly those that conflict with those values that we consider fundamental?
outside the scope of certain core values nor are we humans nor let others be
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how to articulate values in the classroombalancing
national - differentialuniversal – unifying
integration – adaptation to societyinclusion – adaptation of society
THANK YOU
CARLOS REIS