Download - Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement
Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement
Patrick LEMAIRE
Master 1 – EAV
Novembre 2010
Age-related changes incognitive performance
AGE
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E
Negative
Zero
Positive
What are the underlying mechanisms?
- Quantitative Factors (Proc. Speed, WM, Inhibit°)
- Qualitative Factors (e.g., Cognitive Strategies)
Cognitive Strategy : Definition
• « Procedure or set of procedures to accomplish a high-level goal » (Lemaire & Reder, Mem&Cog, 1999, p. 365)
• « Set of methods to accomplish a cognitive task » (Newell & Simon, GPS-book,1972, p. 127)
STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING
No Strat. Variations-------------------------------
MemoryGlynn et al.,83; Rankin et al.,84; Rice & Meyer, 85; Wodd & Pratt, 87; Parkinson et al., 82; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 98
LanguageCohen & Faulkner, 83; Stine, 96
Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making
Salthouse & Prill, 87; Salthouse, 87; Salthouse et al., 90;
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008
Strategic Variations ------------------------------
MemoryCimbalo & Brink, 82; Thomas, 85; Sanders et al., 80; Verhaeghen & Marcoen, 94
LanguageAdams et al., 90; Reder et al., 86
Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making
Charness, 81, 82; Salthouse et al., 88; Lemaire et al., 2004; Mata et al., 2007
STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING:
Limits of previous works
No appropriate conceptual framework
----------------------------
What are the right questions?
No appropriate methodological
approach
-----------------------------
How to best investigate strategic variations?
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
SelectionExecution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Age-related differences in Strategy Repertoire
Do young and older adults use the same strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks?
Strategy identification methods
Direct approach
Indirect approach
Direct approach: Principle
Collecting as many external behavioral
evidence (verbal reports, video-recordings, direct observ°) of strategies as possible
Direct approach: Example of arithmetic
16 - 7 12 - 9 / 4 - 3
Arnaud & Lemaire, 2008 (Cortex)
Finger Counting Direct Retrieval
Two-digit addition problem solving: Use of 9 strategies
StrategiesExample (12+46)
1 - Rounding the first operand down (10 + 46) + 2
2 - Rounding the second operand down (12 + 40) + 6
3 - Rounding both operands down (10 + 40) + (2 + 6)
4 - Columnar retrieval (2 + 6) + (10 + 40)
5 - Rounding the first operand up (20 + 46) - 8
6 - Rounding the second operand up (12 + 50) - 4
7 - Rounding both operands up (20 + 50) - 8 - 4
8 - Borrowing units 18 + 40
9 - Retrieving 58
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)
Effect of Age on Number of Strat.
3,2
5,5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Young OlderMea
n N
um
ber
of
Str
ateg
ies/
Ind
ivid
ual
*
Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)
Indirect approach: Principle
« The use of multiple strategies is inferred from the patterns of speed and accuracy that arise as a function of the factors that define the stimulus set »
(Lemaire & Reder, 1997, p. 365)
Indirect Approach: Example 1
8x5 < 41 vs. 8x5< 47
RT differences -> Strategy Differences
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
8x5<41 8x5<47
Ver
ifica
tion
times
(in
ms)
Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)
Exhaustive verification Approximate verification
Age x Problem
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Young Older
Ver
ific
atio
n T
imes
(in
ms)
8x5<41
8x5<47*
Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)
ERP Data
Young Older Fixation First Second operand
Small Large
Second operand
El Yagoubi, Lemaire, & Besson, 2005 (JoCN)
215 ms
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
Lemaire & Siegler, 95 (JEP:Gen).
Repertoire Distribution
Age and Strategy Distribution
Marseille 2
How many dots?
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Small Large
% d
ev
iati
on
YoungOlder
Numerosity estimation performance
Lemaire & Lecacheur, 2007 (JoG:PS)
Numerosity estimation: Eye movements in instructed condition
Benchmark
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)
Anchoring
Age effects on % use of Benchmark
68
46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Young Older
% u
se o
f P
E
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
Execution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Age effects on Strategy Execution: Numerosity Estimation
Benchmark
vs.
Anchoring
CHOICE NO-CHOICE
Benchmark
Anchoring
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2008)
Age x Strategies (no-choice latencies)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Perceptual Estimation Anchoring
So
luti
on
Lat
enci
es (
in m
s)
Young
Older
Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)
Etude en imagerie
Activations cérébralesMachine IRMf
Benchmark Strategy in Young Adults
L R
InsulaPostcentral Gyrus
Benchmark strategy
PostcentralGyrus
Retrievaing Memory
representations of numerosities
Insulaselection of one of the potential
candidates
Numerical comparison
tasks
e.g., Chochon, Cohen, van de Moortele, & Dehaene, 1999; Dehaene, 1996
Phonological loop/articulatory
processes
e.g., Paulesu, et al., 1993; Venkatram, et al., 2005
Benchmark strategy in Older Adults
L R
Postcentral Gyrus
Precentral Gyrus
Inferior Parietal Lobule
- Middle Gyrus- Lingual Gyrus
Occipital Areas:
Insula
Anchoring strategy in Young Adults
L R
Occipital Areas:
- Middle Gyrus
- Cuneus
Frontal Areas:- DLPFC
- Superior Gyrus
Parietal Areas: - Superior lobule
- Precuneus
Anchoring strategy
Occipito-Parietal Axis
Matching reference group of dots and remaining groups
of dots
Enumerating reference group
of dots
PrecuneusMmultiplying N groups of dots
Frontal areasEnumeration
processes
e.g., Piazza, Mechelli, Butterworth, & Price, 2002; Piazza, Giacomini, et al., 2003
Mental imagery
e.g., Awh & Jonides, 2001; Mellet et al., 2000; Zago & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2002
Simple calculation
e.g., Zago & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2001
Anchoring strategy in Older Adults
L R
Frontal Area:- SMA
Frontal Area:- SMA
Middle Occipital Gyrus
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Parietal Superior Lobule
Aspects of Strategic Changes
Changes
SelectionExecution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Strategy selection
46 x 52
(2392)
Rounding-up Rounding-Down50x60 40x50
Lemaire et al., 2004 (Psych. Aging)
RU probl: 57x68RD probl: 51x62
Selecting the best strategy
67
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Young Older
% u
se o
f bes
t str
ateg
y
*
Lemaire et al., 2004 (Psych. Aging)
Summary
Changes
SelectionExecution
Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.
Repertoire Distribution
Conclusions• Strategy perspective offers a great window to understand
cognitive aging. It is not incompatible with more quantitative approaches of cognitive aging.
• It helps to better describe and explain (in mechanistic terms) age-related differences and similarities
• It helps to address both big, general questions and very specific issues.
• It enables to know how people of different ages think and how (some) older adults can compensate to moderate aging effects on cognition.