Download - Vegetative Parts of Plants
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Vegetative Parts of Plants
Spring 2014
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Descriptive Terminology• LEARN DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY =
PHYTOGRAPHY- Vegetative- Floral/inflorescence- Fruit
• ASSOCIATE STRUCTURES WITH TERMS- Significant range of variation- Learn to identify major structures and
modifications
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R. W. Pohl Conservatory5th floor – Bessey Hall
• AVAILABLE TO BIOLOGY 366 STUDENTS - Free to look at plants to get a better idea of morphological structures and taxonomic diversity.
• OPEN HOURS ARE 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday- Some Friday afternoons conservatory is closed for
pesticide applications. Some research areas are not available for general viewing.
- Access by the elevator. Pay attention to warning signs!
• PLANTS AND PLANT PARTS ARE NOT TO BE REMOVED- Pesticides have been applied to all plant material.- Do not eat any plant products.- Do not disturb any research areas.
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Sequoia—tallest Sequoiadendron—most massive
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Among the smallest plants in the world:Duckweeds (Lemna, Araceae)Root and 1-2 leaves; floating aquatic
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Vegetative Parts of Plants
NON-REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS:
ROOTS - STEMS - LEAVES
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Fig. 9.1 from Simpson
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Roots• FUNCTIONS
- Anchoring, support, storage- Absorption of water and mineral nutrients; mycorrhizae
• STRUCTURE- xylem and phloem usually in a central
vascular strand- no cuticle (except on aerial roots), root hairs.- branching pattern variable- no nodes/internodes present in roots!
• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Taproot (carrot) vs. fibrous roots (grass)- Fibrous, adventitious, aerial, fleshy, prop- Adventitious roots (from stems)
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Fibrous roots Tap root
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Adventitious roots – roots produced by structures otherthan another root (e.g., stems)
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storage buttress pneumatophores
Fig. 9.2 from Simpson
Root modifications
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Root Modifications:Ficus (Moraceae) “Strangler Fig”
Adaptation for anchoring and nutrient gathering – begins as an epiphyte, and sends down adventitious roots.
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Prop roots (adventitious)
Pandanus (Pandanaceae)
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Haustorial roots
Found in parasiticplants.
Host stem
Dodder (Cuscuta,Convolvulaceae)
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Buttress roots
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Modifications of Roots: Mangroves – Anchoring, support, and aeration (coastline habitats)
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Mangrove:
Pre-dehiscence germination
Root is alreadyemerged fromseed before itis separatedfrom the tree.
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Root Modifications: Aerenchyma in aquatics
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Mycorrhizal associations were criticalto the invasion of land by plants andare nearly universal in plants.
endomycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
Roots and other organisms
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Some angiosperm families(primarily the legumes, Fabaceae) have root nodules housing nitrogren-fixing bacteria
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Stems• FUNCTIONS
- support and exposure of leaves to light, flowers to pollination agents, fruits to dispersal agents- vascular conduction of water/minerals and
photosynthates- sometimes the primary photosynthetic organ
• STRUCTURE- nodes and internodes; rearrangement of vascular tissues- ring of bundles or scattered bundles in primary stems- secondary growth produces secondary xylem (wood)- epidermis in primary stems; bark in woody plants- buds: terminal, axillary/lateral, bud scale scars
• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Branching patterns; bulbs, herbaceous, woody- Horizontal stems: above ground = stolons; below =
rhizomes- Vines, shrubs, trees, succulent, tendril, cladode, etc.
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Fig. 9.1 from Simpson
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Stems: Nodes and Internodes
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Fig. 9.3 from Simpson
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Herbaceous stems:
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Stems: Some can be hollow;loss of pith during maturation
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Modifications in the Petiolar Region
Swollen nodes: Characteristic of the PinkFamily (Caryophyllaceae)
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Vines and climbers:
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Photosynthetic Stems
cladodes
succulent stems
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Tussock:
In plants with agraminoid (grass-like) habit, stems may not be evident.
This example is a‘tussock’ habit, forming clumps.
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Basal rosette:
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No apparent stems!
Subterranean horizontal stems: Rhizomes
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Rhizomes vs. roots
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Tubers (underground storage stems):
energyfarms.com
wsu.edu
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Bulbs: stems (internodes) are shortened and leaves are fleshy and protective.
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Woody Stems – Arborescent or shrubby habit
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Stem Modifications:
Bark (phellem or cork +2° phloem)
Most woody plants produce bark, a growth of the cork cambial layer, for mechanical protection and to reduce water loss.
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lenticels
Bark variation
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Leaves• FUNCTIONS
- light capture, production of photosynthates, transpiration,
protection of growing point • STRUCTURE
- petiole, stipules, pulvinus, blade (lamina), veins (midrib)- vestiture (minimally a cuticle), hairs, scales, etc.- simple vs. compound (blade divided into discrete parts)- many modifications, including extreme reduction- virtually always with a bud or branch in the axil
• DESCRIPTIVE TERMS:- Many, based on leaf shape, size, color, venation,
margin, apex, base, arrangement, number, presentation
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Basic leaf structure
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Stipules
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Modifications in the Petiolar Region
Ocrea: stipular tube(characteristic of most of the Buckwheat Family, Polygonaceae)
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pulvinus(lower)axillary bud
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Modifications in the Petiolar Region
Sheathing leaf bases
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Venation: Parallel vs. “Netted”
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Unusual venation: Melastomataceae
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Leaf blade:
Pinnate
Simple Compound
Palmate
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Compound leaves
Fig. 9.9,Simpson
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Palmate Leaf – leaflets arise from one point
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Once-pinnately compound
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Twice-pinnately compound
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Leaf Arrangement
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Variation in leaf shape morphology:Sassafras albidum (Lauraceae)
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Leaf modifications: bracts
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Leaf modifications
Leaf tendrils
Bud scales
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Modifications for capturing insects
Sarraceniaceae
Droseraceae
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Leaf Modifications:
Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)
Adaptation for vegetativepropagation – sheds pre-formed plantlets from leaf margins.
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Bulbs: stems (internodes) are shortened and leaves are fleshy and protective.
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Indument(um) (Vestiture): Surface Structures Hairs, trichomes, scales
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Hair typesFig. 9.59 in Simpson
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Armature: Thorns, spines, prickles
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And the ultimate leaf modifications:
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Summary• Vegetative structures important in
describing plants.• Variations on similar basic morphology can
be diagnostic for certain plant groups.• An understanding of descriptive terms is
essential for plant identification and to understand morphological evolution.
• Make lists of terms and their associated structures; drawings or diagrams, however crude, may also help, as will photos.
• Be sure to observe, compare and contrast related structures to avoid interpretation errors.