DCI (Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE)Indian Society of Heating Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers
VENTILATINGBASEMENT
CAR PARKINGS
Vol. VI, Issue 2, Edition : October 2014, Editor : Shami Bhardwaj
Presidential TwitterDear Members,
Greetings,
In the coming days, DCI’s Program calendar is full of technical
activities. Apart from routine technical activities, two major
events of DCI are lined up to happen. Ventconf –14 is due in a
few weeks and Acreconf –15 is due after a few months.
Ventconf–14 which is going to be held on 14th / 15th
November at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, is ready with all its
initial work and few last minute touches are being given. This
Conference is exclusively on ‘Ventilation and Smoke Extraction Systems’. This year, this
conference is extended upto two days as it was noticed that schedule of one day
conference was very tight and all the topics was not being covered comfortably. This is
expected to fulfill the demand of the Industry and the members by deliverance of lectures /
panel discussions on most burning topics of the Industry. This issue of Twitter also covers
the same topic and give detailed explanation on this by Mr. K. Ramachandaran (Senior
Consultant from the Mumbai). With your participation and cooperation this conference will
come out to be a successful event.
Acreconf–15 is also getting ready step by step to happen on 20th – 21st March 2015 at
IHC. The Conference on HVAC will cover all topics of Airconditioning and building services
industry. Speakers from India and Abroad are taking part in this conference also to share
their knowledge and experience about the latest trend in HVAC & Building Services
Industry. HVAC Industry is taking full interest to make this event memorable & successful.
Members participation in big size will make this further more successful.
On the other side in DCI, further activities are going on. Workshop, Product Presentation
and DL are being organized as per preplanned schedule and members are being informed
about the upcoming events well before time by the office. New members also coming in
and joining DCI in big way and the members those lost with the time has also renewed their
membership. Discussion on creation of two more sub chapter from DCI has started and
good news can be heard in the next issue of Twitter. Honors & Award for old DCI office
bearers is also being ready for this years awards.
DCI is going strong day by day. Your cooperation with DCI will further strengthen the
society.
Keep in touch
ABID HUSAIN
President-DCI
Chapter News
Meerut Sub Chapter organized Acreserve Program at Officers make the program beneficial to everyone. RD North - 1, Mr.
Club, Irrigation Department, Meerut on 20th September for making Mukesh Puri presided over the event and welcomed the Chief
awareness about Good practices in Installation, Operation & Guest - Mr. B.D. Sharma, a Retd. Superintending Engineer from
Maintenance of domestic and commercial air conditioners. More U.P. Irrigation Department. Mr. Abid Hussain welcomed Mr. S.P.
than 120 people including 75 technicians participated in the Singhal - Executive Engineer. Four new members joined ISHRAE
program. Mr. V.K. Seth from ISHRAE Institute of Excellence (IIE) during the event. The ISHRAE Programs VENTCONF,
coordinated with other learned lecturers and gave their best to ACRECONF and ACREX-2015 were promoted during the event.
ACRESERVE
K-12 ActivitiesDehradun Sub-Chapter organized a K12 program at DAV Inter College,
Prem Nagar on 23rd August 2014. A drawing and painting competition
was organized for children of classes 6th to 12th. The topic was Energy
Conservation. 62 students participated in the Painting Competition. In
the beginning a presentation named "Energy conservation" was shown
to students. A quiz was also conducted by Mr O D Sharma in junior and
senior categories. Prizes were distributed in seven categories from 6th to
12th class. Dehradun sub-chapter of ISHRAE is grateful to College staff
for their support. The program was organized with the help of NGO,
OSWES, Dehradun.
Lucknow Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a K-12 program on 15th
Aug. 2014 at Ashish Anglovedic Shiksha Vidya Peeth in association with
Lions Club. The day started at 10.00 a.m by flag hoisting and national
anthem, followed by a tree plantation drive, and a drawing competition
and finally distribution. Lions Club shared the proceedings with us. The
day was well spent with the children and delegates of Lions club.
DehradunDehradunDehradunDehradun
LucknowLucknow
MeerutMeerut
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Presidential TwitterDear Members,
Greetings,
In the coming days, DCI’s Program calendar is full of technical
activities. Apart from routine technical activities, two major
events of DCI are lined up to happen. Ventconf –14 is due in a
few weeks and Acreconf –15 is due after a few months.
Ventconf–14 which is going to be held on 14th / 15th
November at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, is ready with all its
initial work and few last minute touches are being given. This
Conference is exclusively on ‘Ventilation and Smoke Extraction Systems’. This year, this
conference is extended upto two days as it was noticed that schedule of one day
conference was very tight and all the topics was not being covered comfortably. This is
expected to fulfill the demand of the Industry and the members by deliverance of lectures /
panel discussions on most burning topics of the Industry. This issue of Twitter also covers
the same topic and give detailed explanation on this by Mr. K. Ramachandaran (Senior
Consultant from the Mumbai). With your participation and cooperation this conference will
come out to be a successful event.
Acreconf–15 is also getting ready step by step to happen on 20th – 21st March 2015 at
IHC. The Conference on HVAC will cover all topics of Airconditioning and building services
industry. Speakers from India and Abroad are taking part in this conference also to share
their knowledge and experience about the latest trend in HVAC & Building Services
Industry. HVAC Industry is taking full interest to make this event memorable & successful.
Members participation in big size will make this further more successful.
On the other side in DCI, further activities are going on. Workshop, Product Presentation
and DL are being organized as per preplanned schedule and members are being informed
about the upcoming events well before time by the office. New members also coming in
and joining DCI in big way and the members those lost with the time has also renewed their
membership. Discussion on creation of two more sub chapter from DCI has started and
good news can be heard in the next issue of Twitter. Honors & Award for old DCI office
bearers is also being ready for this years awards.
DCI is going strong day by day. Your cooperation with DCI will further strengthen the
society.
Keep in touch
ABID HUSAIN
President-DCI
Chapter News
Meerut Sub Chapter organized Acreserve Program at Officers make the program beneficial to everyone. RD North - 1, Mr.
Club, Irrigation Department, Meerut on 20th September for making Mukesh Puri presided over the event and welcomed the Chief
awareness about Good practices in Installation, Operation & Guest - Mr. B.D. Sharma, a Retd. Superintending Engineer from
Maintenance of domestic and commercial air conditioners. More U.P. Irrigation Department. Mr. Abid Hussain welcomed Mr. S.P.
than 120 people including 75 technicians participated in the Singhal - Executive Engineer. Four new members joined ISHRAE
program. Mr. V.K. Seth from ISHRAE Institute of Excellence (IIE) during the event. The ISHRAE Programs VENTCONF,
coordinated with other learned lecturers and gave their best to ACRECONF and ACREX-2015 were promoted during the event.
ACRESERVE
K-12 ActivitiesDehradun Sub-Chapter organized a K12 program at DAV Inter College,
Prem Nagar on 23rd August 2014. A drawing and painting competition
was organized for children of classes 6th to 12th. The topic was Energy
Conservation. 62 students participated in the Painting Competition. In
the beginning a presentation named "Energy conservation" was shown
to students. A quiz was also conducted by Mr O D Sharma in junior and
senior categories. Prizes were distributed in seven categories from 6th to
12th class. Dehradun sub-chapter of ISHRAE is grateful to College staff
for their support. The program was organized with the help of NGO,
OSWES, Dehradun.
Lucknow Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a K-12 program on 15th
Aug. 2014 at Ashish Anglovedic Shiksha Vidya Peeth in association with
Lions Club. The day started at 10.00 a.m by flag hoisting and national
anthem, followed by a tree plantation drive, and a drawing competition
and finally distribution. Lions Club shared the proceedings with us. The
day was well spent with the children and delegates of Lions club.
DehradunDehradunDehradunDehradun
LucknowLucknow
MeerutMeerut
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
AGM of Delhi ChapterAnnual General meeting of Delhi Chapter of
ISHRAE was held on 27th Sept. 2014 at
Hotel Hans, New Delhi. Over 60 members
participated during the meeting. President
Mr. Abid Husain welcomed the members
and provided a brief description of work
done by the Delhi chapter during the last 6
months and also informed the gathering
about the upcoming events scheduled.
Audited accounts of Society Year 2013-14
were presented by Mr. Pradeep Dua.
President Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh
announced the nominating committee for
the Society Year 2015-16. At the end
Mr. Aneesh Kadyan, Secretary DCI
delivered the vote of thanks to all the
members who attended the AGM.
Distinguished Lecturer (DL) ProgramsAgra Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE success-
fully organized on Distinguished Lecture
Program on Enthalpy Recovery Fresh
Air Ventilation for Healthy IAQ & Air to Air
Heat Recovery is in the Cold Storage on
19th July 2014 at Hotel Radisson Blue.
More than 20 Delegates attended the
lecture program. The lecture was given
by Mr. Sushil Choudhury. Hon’ble R.D.
North 1, Mr. Mukesh Puri, Zonal Chair
membership Mr. B.D. Rishi, President Drug Manufacturing Association of industry delegates. About 55 delegates Agra Sub-Chapter Mr. Ashwani Sharma Dehradun on "Air conditioning of Clean were present during the program. From and entire Agra CWC were present Room for Pharma industry " and Dehradun Sub Chapter, President Elect during the program. "Reducing the cost of HVAC system in Mr. Sudhanshu Gupta, Secretary Mr Ajay,
Pharma plant". The guest speaker was Treasurer, Mr Varshkar, Past Presidents ISHRAE Dehradun sub chapter Mr. Gautham Baliga. The DL program Mr Ravi Juyal and Mr. O.D. Sharma organized a DL program on 6th was highly appreciated by the Pharma were present.September 2014, in association with
DL Agra, 19th July 14DL Agra, 19th July 14 DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14
Van Mahotsav, Meerut
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Meerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE
organized Van Mahotsav on 1st July 2014.
Nearly 100 people participated in this
event including 40 children who took part
in a poster making competition and tree
plantation activity. The Meerut President
Mr. M.K. Gupta & other senior dignitaries
were present during the program to
motivate the children.
AGM of Delhi ChapterAnnual General meeting of Delhi Chapter of
ISHRAE was held on 27th Sept. 2014 at
Hotel Hans, New Delhi. Over 60 members
participated during the meeting. President
Mr. Abid Husain welcomed the members
and provided a brief description of work
done by the Delhi chapter during the last 6
months and also informed the gathering
about the upcoming events scheduled.
Audited accounts of Society Year 2013-14
were presented by Mr. Pradeep Dua.
President Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh
announced the nominating committee for
the Society Year 2015-16. At the end
Mr. Aneesh Kadyan, Secretary DCI
delivered the vote of thanks to all the
members who attended the AGM.
Distinguished Lecturer (DL) ProgramsAgra Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE success-
fully organized on Distinguished Lecture
Program on Enthalpy Recovery Fresh
Air Ventilation for Healthy IAQ & Air to Air
Heat Recovery is in the Cold Storage on
19th July 2014 at Hotel Radisson Blue.
More than 20 Delegates attended the
lecture program. The lecture was given
by Mr. Sushil Choudhury. Hon’ble R.D.
North 1, Mr. Mukesh Puri, Zonal Chair
membership Mr. B.D. Rishi, President Drug Manufacturing Association of industry delegates. About 55 delegates Agra Sub-Chapter Mr. Ashwani Sharma Dehradun on "Air conditioning of Clean were present during the program. From and entire Agra CWC were present Room for Pharma industry " and Dehradun Sub Chapter, President Elect during the program. "Reducing the cost of HVAC system in Mr. Sudhanshu Gupta, Secretary Mr Ajay,
Pharma plant". The guest speaker was Treasurer, Mr Varshkar, Past Presidents ISHRAE Dehradun sub chapter Mr. Gautham Baliga. The DL program Mr Ravi Juyal and Mr. O.D. Sharma organized a DL program on 6th was highly appreciated by the Pharma were present.September 2014, in association with
DL Agra, 19th July 14DL Agra, 19th July 14 DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14
Van Mahotsav, Meerut
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Meerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE
organized Van Mahotsav on 1st July 2014.
Nearly 100 people participated in this
event including 40 children who took part
in a poster making competition and tree
plantation activity. The Meerut President
Mr. M.K. Gupta & other senior dignitaries
were present during the program to
motivate the children.
Workshops and SeminarsDelhi Chapter of ISHRAE alongwith IIE
organized a technical workshop on
Cooling Towers & Water Treatment on
9th Aug. 2014 at India International
Centre, New Delhi. Mr. Subir Das & Mr.
R K Kohli were the expert faculties.
Workshop was attended by 26
par t ic ipants. I t was very wel l
appreciated by the delegates. The
workshop was inaugurated by President
Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh.
Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE
successfully organized one seminar on
Ventilation, Filtration & UVGI for
Airborne Infect ion control and
prevention in health care settings on 8th
Sept. 2014 at Hotel JW Marriot, Aerocity.
It was a very successful seminar which
was attended by 75 members. The organizing the seminar. Hob’ble a very successful seminar which was
speakers of the seminar were Dr. Paul President Elect DCI, Mr. Jagdeep attended by more than 130 delegates.
Jensen & Mr. Garry Blackwelder, CDC, Singh, National Treasurer Mr. Sunil The guest speaker for the seminar was
Atlanta, Mr. Bill Palmer, AeroMed, Inc. Kher, DCI Treasurer Mr. Himanshu Mr. Jim Coogan. Mr. Jim Coogan is a
USA, Mr. Chris Zaker, National Air Aggarwal, DCI Secretary Mr. Aneesh Principal in product development &
Filtration Association, USA. The topics Kadyan, Membership Promotion Chair application at Siemens Building
which were covered were:Mr. Pradeep Dua, Student Activity Chair, Technology, United States. Honb’le Mr.
• The Principals of air filtration. Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Coordinator Mr. Abid Husain President Delhi Chapter, • Discussion of filter types. V.K. Seth & the entire DCI Secretariat National Treasurer Mr. Sunil Kher, R.D. • Discussion of HEPA filter Team were present during the event. North 1 Mr. Mukesh Puri, Student • Testing of HEPA Filters. Activity Chair, Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE
Coordinator Mr. V.K. Seth and entire The members really appreciated the along with ASHRAE India Chapter DCI & ASHRAE Secretariat Team were way the speakers presented their successfully organized seminar on present during the seminar. topics. Special thanks goes to Mr. Space Pressurization on 29th Aug. 2014
Dyson Peter Misquitta who helped in at India Habitat Centre New Delhi. It was
Workshop, 9th August
Student ActivitiesMeerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a Quiz Competition
Program, Designated as EXPLORE - 2K14 at its student chapter,
Vidya College of Engineering Meerut on 17th September . More
than 150 students participated in this quiz activity. Students were
given Participation Certificates and Top 20 scorers received
mementos. Engineering Models prepared by the Students of the
college were also exhibited at this event. Vidya College of Engg.
Meerut has formed a forum namely "Mechanical Engineers
Forum" in association with ISHRAE Meerut Sub Chapter. Its
inaugural function was also held on the same day.
Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE reinstalled one of its most Vibrant
Student Chapter, Hi Tech Engineering & Technology on 19th Sept.
2014. The oath to the new team was given by Hon’ble President
DCI Mr. Abid Husain. About 80 students took part in the installation
ceremony. After the installation, A lecture on “Overview of
Airconditioning” was given by Mr. Abid Husain. The entire DCI
secretariat team was present during the installation program.
Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14 Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14
Seminar, 29th Sept. 14Seminar, 29th Sept. 14 Workshop, 9th Aug. 14Workshop, 9th Aug. 14
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Workshops and SeminarsDelhi Chapter of ISHRAE alongwith IIE
organized a technical workshop on
Cooling Towers & Water Treatment on
9th Aug. 2014 at India International
Centre, New Delhi. Mr. Subir Das & Mr.
R K Kohli were the expert faculties.
Workshop was attended by 26
par t ic ipants. I t was very wel l
appreciated by the delegates. The
workshop was inaugurated by President
Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh.
Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE
successfully organized one seminar on
Ventilation, Filtration & UVGI for
Airborne Infect ion control and
prevention in health care settings on 8th
Sept. 2014 at Hotel JW Marriot, Aerocity.
It was a very successful seminar which
was attended by 75 members. The organizing the seminar. Hob’ble a very successful seminar which was
speakers of the seminar were Dr. Paul President Elect DCI, Mr. Jagdeep attended by more than 130 delegates.
Jensen & Mr. Garry Blackwelder, CDC, Singh, National Treasurer Mr. Sunil The guest speaker for the seminar was
Atlanta, Mr. Bill Palmer, AeroMed, Inc. Kher, DCI Treasurer Mr. Himanshu Mr. Jim Coogan. Mr. Jim Coogan is a
USA, Mr. Chris Zaker, National Air Aggarwal, DCI Secretary Mr. Aneesh Principal in product development &
Filtration Association, USA. The topics Kadyan, Membership Promotion Chair application at Siemens Building
which were covered were:Mr. Pradeep Dua, Student Activity Chair, Technology, United States. Honb’le Mr.
• The Principals of air filtration. Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Coordinator Mr. Abid Husain President Delhi Chapter, • Discussion of filter types. V.K. Seth & the entire DCI Secretariat National Treasurer Mr. Sunil Kher, R.D. • Discussion of HEPA filter Team were present during the event. North 1 Mr. Mukesh Puri, Student • Testing of HEPA Filters. Activity Chair, Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE
Coordinator Mr. V.K. Seth and entire The members really appreciated the along with ASHRAE India Chapter DCI & ASHRAE Secretariat Team were way the speakers presented their successfully organized seminar on present during the seminar. topics. Special thanks goes to Mr. Space Pressurization on 29th Aug. 2014
Dyson Peter Misquitta who helped in at India Habitat Centre New Delhi. It was
Workshop, 9th August
Student ActivitiesMeerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a Quiz Competition
Program, Designated as EXPLORE - 2K14 at its student chapter,
Vidya College of Engineering Meerut on 17th September . More
than 150 students participated in this quiz activity. Students were
given Participation Certificates and Top 20 scorers received
mementos. Engineering Models prepared by the Students of the
college were also exhibited at this event. Vidya College of Engg.
Meerut has formed a forum namely "Mechanical Engineers
Forum" in association with ISHRAE Meerut Sub Chapter. Its
inaugural function was also held on the same day.
Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE reinstalled one of its most Vibrant
Student Chapter, Hi Tech Engineering & Technology on 19th Sept.
2014. The oath to the new team was given by Hon’ble President
DCI Mr. Abid Husain. About 80 students took part in the installation
ceremony. After the installation, A lecture on “Overview of
Airconditioning” was given by Mr. Abid Husain. The entire DCI
secretariat team was present during the installation program.
Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14 Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14
Seminar, 29th Sept. 14Seminar, 29th Sept. 14 Workshop, 9th Aug. 14Workshop, 9th Aug. 14
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Ventilation for Basement Car Parks
Introduction Back of House areas in a hotel, it is advisable to provide air
Basement car parks are proliferating in the urban habitat. What conditioning in which case comfort standards as per ASHRAE
with side open spaces being enlarged to meet fire safety norms, 55.1 or equivalent will prevail.
surface parking is becoming a thing of the past. With ever For equipment rooms located in the basement, such as air
increasing population growth and limited space, town planners conditioning plant rooms or PHE/ fire fighting pump rooms, the
are taking recourse to vertical expansion resulting in high rise circulating air requirement will depend on heat generation by the
buildings with many habitable floors to accommodate as many operating equipment and temperature rise that could be
tenements as possible within a limited footprint.permitted as specified by equipment manufacturers.
Added to this is the phenomenal growth of car population in In this article, we will look only at spaces below ground, which are
Indian cities. Multiple cars per family are becoming a norm rather used for parking of vehicles. Further, for simplicity, the discussion
than an exception.is limited to parking basements which are fully enclosed.
Public parking used to be in open spaces, but this could in no way Ventilation Requirements for Basement Parking Spaces
keep pace with the growing car population in cities. Municipal Enclosed parking area in the basement requires mechanical
corporations have devised a method where, if a developer ventilation. The major areas of concern in vehicular emissions
incorporates certain amount of public car parking in a building, he are carbon monoxide, oil and petrol fumes and NOx from diesel
is incentivized by grant of additional construction permission for vehicles. Of the three, carbon monoxide is the most hazardous
residential or commercial use.component. It is colourless, odourless and lighter than air. It gives
With ever increasing demand for urban housing as well as no warning of its presence and when inhaled, it is absorbed by
commercial spaces, the developer is left with no option but to h? moglobin in the blood and destroys the blood’s ability to provide multilevel car parks either above or below ground level. transport oxygen to body cells. Even dilute concentrations of CO Again, building height restrictions imposed primarily on account in air result in headaches, nausea and vertigo.of fire fighting considerations go in favour of parking basements
below ground rather than parking decks above. This is how
basement car parks have become a standard feature in high rise
buildings.
Ventilation and Smoke Management
Fouling of the car park environment happens when a car stops,
starts and traverses the park. The purpose of a ventilation
system is to remove contaminated air and allow outside air as
replacement, so that the net concentration of the foul gases is
within acceptable limits. Acceptable limits govern one hour to
eight hours exposure of humans. The analysis below is to
establish such an acceptable environment.
Fire mode ventilation, on the other hand, has the following Oil and petrol fumes also cause nausea and headaches and are
objectives:potential fire hazards. Nitrogen oxides resulting from diesel
i) Maintain smoke level at 2 to 2.5m so as to enable easy burning in passenger cars also produce similar results.
evacuation and to facilitate fire fighters to reach the fire.
ii) Maintain obscuration levels within limits so that exit and other The ventilation rate required to dilute CO to acceptable levels is,
signage are visible. however, satisfactory to control other contaminants as well,
especially since passenger cars with diesel vehicles may not This will involve:
constitute more than 20% of total vehicles in the parking lot. i) Establishing design fire size.
Design ventilation rate for a basement parking lot can be ii) Acceptable smoke layer depth.
determined based on the following:iii) Computation of smoke volume and temperature.
iv) Minimum number of extract and intake points. 1. Number of cars in the parking lot and number in operation
during peak hour.Such a study is not within the scope of this article.
2. Emission rate of a typical car.
When basements are used as habitable spaces, ANSI/ ASHRAE 3. Average travel time of car within the parking lot.
Ventilation Standard 62.1 or equivalent may be followed. It may 4. Acceptable level of CO concentration.
be noted that Standard 62.1 does not distinguish between The number of cars in a parking lot can vary as per the configura-
spaces above and below ground level.tion and planning of drive- ways etc., and can vary from 30 sq.m.
For spaces below ground that are normally occupied, such as to 50 sq.m. per car. Cars simultaneously in operation vary from to
An axial flow fan at basement periphery
By K. Ramachandran
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
Ventilation for Basement Car Parks
Introduction Back of House areas in a hotel, it is advisable to provide air
Basement car parks are proliferating in the urban habitat. What conditioning in which case comfort standards as per ASHRAE
with side open spaces being enlarged to meet fire safety norms, 55.1 or equivalent will prevail.
surface parking is becoming a thing of the past. With ever For equipment rooms located in the basement, such as air
increasing population growth and limited space, town planners conditioning plant rooms or PHE/ fire fighting pump rooms, the
are taking recourse to vertical expansion resulting in high rise circulating air requirement will depend on heat generation by the
buildings with many habitable floors to accommodate as many operating equipment and temperature rise that could be
tenements as possible within a limited footprint.permitted as specified by equipment manufacturers.
Added to this is the phenomenal growth of car population in In this article, we will look only at spaces below ground, which are
Indian cities. Multiple cars per family are becoming a norm rather used for parking of vehicles. Further, for simplicity, the discussion
than an exception.is limited to parking basements which are fully enclosed.
Public parking used to be in open spaces, but this could in no way Ventilation Requirements for Basement Parking Spaces
keep pace with the growing car population in cities. Municipal Enclosed parking area in the basement requires mechanical
corporations have devised a method where, if a developer ventilation. The major areas of concern in vehicular emissions
incorporates certain amount of public car parking in a building, he are carbon monoxide, oil and petrol fumes and NOx from diesel
is incentivized by grant of additional construction permission for vehicles. Of the three, carbon monoxide is the most hazardous
residential or commercial use.component. It is colourless, odourless and lighter than air. It gives
With ever increasing demand for urban housing as well as no warning of its presence and when inhaled, it is absorbed by
commercial spaces, the developer is left with no option but to h? moglobin in the blood and destroys the blood’s ability to provide multilevel car parks either above or below ground level. transport oxygen to body cells. Even dilute concentrations of CO Again, building height restrictions imposed primarily on account in air result in headaches, nausea and vertigo.of fire fighting considerations go in favour of parking basements
below ground rather than parking decks above. This is how
basement car parks have become a standard feature in high rise
buildings.
Ventilation and Smoke Management
Fouling of the car park environment happens when a car stops,
starts and traverses the park. The purpose of a ventilation
system is to remove contaminated air and allow outside air as
replacement, so that the net concentration of the foul gases is
within acceptable limits. Acceptable limits govern one hour to
eight hours exposure of humans. The analysis below is to
establish such an acceptable environment.
Fire mode ventilation, on the other hand, has the following Oil and petrol fumes also cause nausea and headaches and are
objectives:potential fire hazards. Nitrogen oxides resulting from diesel
i) Maintain smoke level at 2 to 2.5m so as to enable easy burning in passenger cars also produce similar results.
evacuation and to facilitate fire fighters to reach the fire.
ii) Maintain obscuration levels within limits so that exit and other The ventilation rate required to dilute CO to acceptable levels is,
signage are visible. however, satisfactory to control other contaminants as well,
especially since passenger cars with diesel vehicles may not This will involve:
constitute more than 20% of total vehicles in the parking lot. i) Establishing design fire size.
Design ventilation rate for a basement parking lot can be ii) Acceptable smoke layer depth.
determined based on the following:iii) Computation of smoke volume and temperature.
iv) Minimum number of extract and intake points. 1. Number of cars in the parking lot and number in operation
during peak hour.Such a study is not within the scope of this article.
2. Emission rate of a typical car.
When basements are used as habitable spaces, ANSI/ ASHRAE 3. Average travel time of car within the parking lot.
Ventilation Standard 62.1 or equivalent may be followed. It may 4. Acceptable level of CO concentration.
be noted that Standard 62.1 does not distinguish between The number of cars in a parking lot can vary as per the configura-
spaces above and below ground level.tion and planning of drive- ways etc., and can vary from 30 sq.m.
For spaces below ground that are normally occupied, such as to 50 sq.m. per car. Cars simultaneously in operation vary from to
An axial flow fan at basement periphery
By K. Ramachandran
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
heights are steadily coming down (in order to reduce construc-
tion costs) and 3 or 4 basements are becoming the norm, with the
result that ducting with distributed extraction is difficult to
accommodate.
Height restrictions in parking basements and the consequent
difficulty in accommodating ducted exhaust systems have made
impulse ventilation by means of high thrust ‘jet fans’ quite
popular. These fans produce a high velocity jet of air, which in
turn moves a larger mass of surrounding air through a process
known as entrainment. Axial flow jet fans have been successfully
used for road tunnel ventilation for some time. However, some
authorities do not accept them for ventilation or smoke exhaust in
parking basements.
In a ventilation system operating on impulse ventilation principle, A basement exhaust outlet at ground levelthe number and location of the individual fans with respect to
Significant energy savings are possible with demand control each other and with respect to the supply point and ultimate
ventilation (DCV), which varies the fan speed to regulate CO exhaust point, as brought out by a CFD analysis, is most
levels below the stipulated 29 mg/m3. This means that even if important. While these fans provide for movement of smoke (in a
larger fans are installed to meet code requirements, power fire situation) that is buoyant and rises to the top, they have little
consumption will not necessarily increase as long as demand effect on low level discharge of carbon monoxide and other
control ventilation is used.contaminants from automobile exhaust. At lower levels, air will be
Minimum Separation Distance between Intake and Exhaust drifting at low velocities leaving several pockets of contaminated
air.In large basements that are compartmentalized, due care must
be taken to separate the air intake from the contaminated air Further, since jet fans along with their mounting arrangement exhaust point. ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2007 stipulates a minimum require a depth of 400 to 450 mm from the slab soffit level, the distance of 5m between outside air intake and the potential normal tendency is to locate them between beams or even at outdoor contaminant source, which will be the location of the ‘convenient locations’ where they do not obstruct vehicle exhaust in respect of the parking garage and drive-in-queue. movement and parking. This defeats the whole purpose of CFD
analysis for determining fan locations.System Configuration
Basement ventilation systems will generally be a combination of However, lower system costs and adaptability in low height supply and exhaust. While 40% of the exhaust air is permitted by basements have made them a favorite of architects and natural aspiration through ramps and other openings in respect developers. A convincing CFD analysis at design stage and of the basement closest to ground, for all lower levels 100% of the testing of the system for CO levels after installation should be exhaust air has to be compensated through forced air supply. pre-requisites for recommending a jet fan system.
It is important to avoid short cycling of supply air and to provide Conclusionefficient, adequate air flow throughout the parking facility. The In addition to the normal ventilation requirements to keep design should provide for stratification of engine exhaust where pollutants within acceptable limits, there is a need for the smoke stationery cars are kept idling, such as near a ticket booth or an extraction systems to achieve the specified number of air exit ramp. changes (as low as 6 under Uniform Plumbing Code, USA and as
high as 30 under National Building Code 2005, India). This, Design Strategyhowever, can be non-ducted drift ventilation, keeping in mind fire One of the first international class buildings in India was the Air compartmentation requirements. A smoke extract system is India Building at Nariman Point, Mumbai that was built in the required to operate only during fire mode but can be made to 1960s with enclosed parking garages in the basements. The complement the car park exhaust as a flushing system through architects were from Chicago and the building followed Chicago periodic operation, say every 4 hours or so. The two systems City Code which required 18.0 m3/hour.m2 with 1/3 extraction at together may present a more effective design strategy.low level and 2/3 at high level. Exhaust ducting was put in place
and the basements were designed with sufficient height with the
ducting in position.
A jet fan
Most of the buildings constructed later followed the same
practice. Even today there are no prescriptive requirements for
basement ventilation of enclosed parking garages, but basement
K. RamachandranDirectorEskayem Consultants, Mumbai
K. Ramachandran is director and associate consultant with
Eskayem Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He is a past president of
ISHRAE Mumbai Chapter, and an active member of the
nascent Thane Chapter.
3 to 5% for a residential apartment or commercial building. This S. No. Parameter Unit Value
can however go as high as 15 to 20% for a cricket stadium or 7. Average CO emission g/min 1.89 + 3.66 = 2.775
multiplex cinema.at 32°C (see Table 1) 2
With the stringent environmental regulations, emission rates of g/hour 2.775 x 60 = 167
cars have been steadily reducing. On entering a parking lot, the
car travels slowly and in low gear and the engine runs hot. While 8. Average travel time Seconds 180
exiting, the car is again in slow speed and low gear but the engine Minutes 3
runs cold and the emissions tend to be higher. Emission data,
especially in parking garages, published by the Environment 9. Peak CO generation g/h.m² 75 x 167 = 2.505
Protection Agency of the USA (EPA) are shown in Table 1. 5000
Table 1: Emission data in parking garages (g/min.) 10. *Normalised peak 100 x 2.505 = 9.38
CO generation 26.7Engine running mode Hot Cold
using reference
*Year 1991 1996 1991 1996 value of 26.7 g/h.m²
Summer 32°C 2.54 1.89 4.27 3.66 11. Design CO max ppm 25
(see Table 2 – India mg/m³ 29Winter 0° 3.61 3.38 20.74 18.96
NBC 2005)
*Latest years for which emission data is available in ASHRAE Applications on the 12. *Quantity of m³/s.m² 0.692 x 10-6x9.38x website
exhaust air 180 seconds The length of time a car is idling or travelling within the parking = 0.001168facility is a function of its size and layout, and the operating time
m³/h.m² = 0.001168 x 3600 may vary from 60 seconds to 600 seconds. However, 180 = 4.2048seconds could be taken as the average. (This should be adjusted
to suit the specific configuration and may be validated by actual ACH = 4.2048 / 3m = 1.4observation in the facility).
*ASHRAE Applications 2011Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by various codes is
Since vehicle emissions have been brought down by research given in Table 2.and studies, the ventilation rate required to maintain carbon
Table 2: Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by monoxide within permissible limits can be lower than applicable various codes codes and standards, which are given below.
Average Peak International Codes for Ventilation of Parking Spaces3 3mg/ m mg/ m - ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2007 requires a minimum
exhaust rate of 3.7 l/s.m2, which is equal to 4.44 air changes US EPA 40 NAfor the above example.(upto 1 hour)
- NFPA 88A recommends a minimum of 0.005 m3/second per European Standards 40 230sq.m., which is 5 air changes.
British Building Regulation 32.5 97.5- British Building Regulations 2010 (F-Ventilation) require a (for 8 hour (not exceeding
mechanical ventilation system capable of 6 air changes per period) 15 minutes)hour for basement car parks with an additional provision for a
ASHRAE 29 130 local ventilation rate of at least 10 air changes per hour for (for 8 hour exits and ramps.exposure)
Indian CodesIndia NBC 2005 29 137 NBC 2005 (Section 6.5.4.1) recommends ventilation rate of 30 to
60m3/h per m2. For a 3 meter high parking lot, this works out to To determine the required air changes per hour (ACH) to 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Local authorities such as Municipal maintain a safe level of CO concentration within the parking Corporation of Greater Mumbai stipulate 15 air changes per hour facility, the following method of calculation can be followed: for basements.
Let us consider a parking garage in the second basement (2 Control of Ventilation Based on CO Levellevels below ground) of 5,000 sq.m. area and a height of 3m.If permitted by local codes, the ventilation air flow rate can be
Table 3: Determination of required air changes varied according to CO levels to conserve energy. This can be
achieved easily with multiple fans either with dual speed motors S. No. Parameter Unit Valueor motors connected to variable frequency drives (VFDs). In
1. Area of parking lot sq.m. 5000 multilevel basements as well as in large single level structures,
independent fan systems with individual control are required. 2. Height m 3This is to take care of fire compartmentation requirements, which
3. Volume m³ 15000specify that a single compartment cannot exceed 750 sq.m. in
4. Parking concentration m³/car 40 area for a non sprinkled building and 1125 sq.m. (750 + 50%) for
a sprinkled building. 5. Number of cars (1) ÷ (4) 125
6. Cars in operation No. 3% at one in peak
in hour time i.e. 3% in 3 minutes,
or 60% per hour
= 75 cars
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
This article was published in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Jan-Feb
2014. Copyright 2014 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. Reprinted here
by permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. This article may
not be copied nor distributed in either paper or digital form by other parties without
permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal.
heights are steadily coming down (in order to reduce construc-
tion costs) and 3 or 4 basements are becoming the norm, with the
result that ducting with distributed extraction is difficult to
accommodate.
Height restrictions in parking basements and the consequent
difficulty in accommodating ducted exhaust systems have made
impulse ventilation by means of high thrust ‘jet fans’ quite
popular. These fans produce a high velocity jet of air, which in
turn moves a larger mass of surrounding air through a process
known as entrainment. Axial flow jet fans have been successfully
used for road tunnel ventilation for some time. However, some
authorities do not accept them for ventilation or smoke exhaust in
parking basements.
In a ventilation system operating on impulse ventilation principle, A basement exhaust outlet at ground levelthe number and location of the individual fans with respect to
Significant energy savings are possible with demand control each other and with respect to the supply point and ultimate
ventilation (DCV), which varies the fan speed to regulate CO exhaust point, as brought out by a CFD analysis, is most
levels below the stipulated 29 mg/m3. This means that even if important. While these fans provide for movement of smoke (in a
larger fans are installed to meet code requirements, power fire situation) that is buoyant and rises to the top, they have little
consumption will not necessarily increase as long as demand effect on low level discharge of carbon monoxide and other
control ventilation is used.contaminants from automobile exhaust. At lower levels, air will be
Minimum Separation Distance between Intake and Exhaust drifting at low velocities leaving several pockets of contaminated
air.In large basements that are compartmentalized, due care must
be taken to separate the air intake from the contaminated air Further, since jet fans along with their mounting arrangement exhaust point. ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2007 stipulates a minimum require a depth of 400 to 450 mm from the slab soffit level, the distance of 5m between outside air intake and the potential normal tendency is to locate them between beams or even at outdoor contaminant source, which will be the location of the ‘convenient locations’ where they do not obstruct vehicle exhaust in respect of the parking garage and drive-in-queue. movement and parking. This defeats the whole purpose of CFD
analysis for determining fan locations.System Configuration
Basement ventilation systems will generally be a combination of However, lower system costs and adaptability in low height supply and exhaust. While 40% of the exhaust air is permitted by basements have made them a favorite of architects and natural aspiration through ramps and other openings in respect developers. A convincing CFD analysis at design stage and of the basement closest to ground, for all lower levels 100% of the testing of the system for CO levels after installation should be exhaust air has to be compensated through forced air supply. pre-requisites for recommending a jet fan system.
It is important to avoid short cycling of supply air and to provide Conclusionefficient, adequate air flow throughout the parking facility. The In addition to the normal ventilation requirements to keep design should provide for stratification of engine exhaust where pollutants within acceptable limits, there is a need for the smoke stationery cars are kept idling, such as near a ticket booth or an extraction systems to achieve the specified number of air exit ramp. changes (as low as 6 under Uniform Plumbing Code, USA and as
high as 30 under National Building Code 2005, India). This, Design Strategyhowever, can be non-ducted drift ventilation, keeping in mind fire One of the first international class buildings in India was the Air compartmentation requirements. A smoke extract system is India Building at Nariman Point, Mumbai that was built in the required to operate only during fire mode but can be made to 1960s with enclosed parking garages in the basements. The complement the car park exhaust as a flushing system through architects were from Chicago and the building followed Chicago periodic operation, say every 4 hours or so. The two systems City Code which required 18.0 m3/hour.m2 with 1/3 extraction at together may present a more effective design strategy.low level and 2/3 at high level. Exhaust ducting was put in place
and the basements were designed with sufficient height with the
ducting in position.
A jet fan
Most of the buildings constructed later followed the same
practice. Even today there are no prescriptive requirements for
basement ventilation of enclosed parking garages, but basement
K. RamachandranDirectorEskayem Consultants, Mumbai
K. Ramachandran is director and associate consultant with
Eskayem Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He is a past president of
ISHRAE Mumbai Chapter, and an active member of the
nascent Thane Chapter.
3 to 5% for a residential apartment or commercial building. This S. No. Parameter Unit Value
can however go as high as 15 to 20% for a cricket stadium or 7. Average CO emission g/min 1.89 + 3.66 = 2.775
multiplex cinema.at 32°C (see Table 1) 2
With the stringent environmental regulations, emission rates of g/hour 2.775 x 60 = 167
cars have been steadily reducing. On entering a parking lot, the
car travels slowly and in low gear and the engine runs hot. While 8. Average travel time Seconds 180
exiting, the car is again in slow speed and low gear but the engine Minutes 3
runs cold and the emissions tend to be higher. Emission data,
especially in parking garages, published by the Environment 9. Peak CO generation g/h.m² 75 x 167 = 2.505
Protection Agency of the USA (EPA) are shown in Table 1. 5000
Table 1: Emission data in parking garages (g/min.) 10. *Normalised peak 100 x 2.505 = 9.38
CO generation 26.7Engine running mode Hot Cold
using reference
*Year 1991 1996 1991 1996 value of 26.7 g/h.m²
Summer 32°C 2.54 1.89 4.27 3.66 11. Design CO max ppm 25
(see Table 2 – India mg/m³ 29Winter 0° 3.61 3.38 20.74 18.96
NBC 2005)
*Latest years for which emission data is available in ASHRAE Applications on the 12. *Quantity of m³/s.m² 0.692 x 10-6x9.38x website
exhaust air 180 seconds The length of time a car is idling or travelling within the parking = 0.001168facility is a function of its size and layout, and the operating time
m³/h.m² = 0.001168 x 3600 may vary from 60 seconds to 600 seconds. However, 180 = 4.2048seconds could be taken as the average. (This should be adjusted
to suit the specific configuration and may be validated by actual ACH = 4.2048 / 3m = 1.4observation in the facility).
*ASHRAE Applications 2011Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by various codes is
Since vehicle emissions have been brought down by research given in Table 2.and studies, the ventilation rate required to maintain carbon
Table 2: Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by monoxide within permissible limits can be lower than applicable various codes codes and standards, which are given below.
Average Peak International Codes for Ventilation of Parking Spaces3 3mg/ m mg/ m - ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2007 requires a minimum
exhaust rate of 3.7 l/s.m2, which is equal to 4.44 air changes US EPA 40 NAfor the above example.(upto 1 hour)
- NFPA 88A recommends a minimum of 0.005 m3/second per European Standards 40 230sq.m., which is 5 air changes.
British Building Regulation 32.5 97.5- British Building Regulations 2010 (F-Ventilation) require a (for 8 hour (not exceeding
mechanical ventilation system capable of 6 air changes per period) 15 minutes)hour for basement car parks with an additional provision for a
ASHRAE 29 130 local ventilation rate of at least 10 air changes per hour for (for 8 hour exits and ramps.exposure)
Indian CodesIndia NBC 2005 29 137 NBC 2005 (Section 6.5.4.1) recommends ventilation rate of 30 to
60m3/h per m2. For a 3 meter high parking lot, this works out to To determine the required air changes per hour (ACH) to 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Local authorities such as Municipal maintain a safe level of CO concentration within the parking Corporation of Greater Mumbai stipulate 15 air changes per hour facility, the following method of calculation can be followed: for basements.
Let us consider a parking garage in the second basement (2 Control of Ventilation Based on CO Levellevels below ground) of 5,000 sq.m. area and a height of 3m.If permitted by local codes, the ventilation air flow rate can be
Table 3: Determination of required air changes varied according to CO levels to conserve energy. This can be
achieved easily with multiple fans either with dual speed motors S. No. Parameter Unit Valueor motors connected to variable frequency drives (VFDs). In
1. Area of parking lot sq.m. 5000 multilevel basements as well as in large single level structures,
independent fan systems with individual control are required. 2. Height m 3This is to take care of fire compartmentation requirements, which
3. Volume m³ 15000specify that a single compartment cannot exceed 750 sq.m. in
4. Parking concentration m³/car 40 area for a non sprinkled building and 1125 sq.m. (750 + 50%) for
a sprinkled building. 5. Number of cars (1) ÷ (4) 125
6. Cars in operation No. 3% at one in peak
in hour time i.e. 3% in 3 minutes,
or 60% per hour
= 75 cars
www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter
This article was published in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Jan-Feb
2014. Copyright 2014 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. Reprinted here
by permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. This article may
not be copied nor distributed in either paper or digital form by other parties without
permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal.