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Measuring Measuring WalkingWalking
Todd LitmanTodd LitmanVictoria Transport Policy InstituteVictoria Transport Policy Institute
Walk21 WorkshopWalk21 Workshop1 October 20071 October 2007
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Evaluating WalkingEvaluating Walking
• Wakability - the quality of walking conditions.
• Walking activity - the amount of walking that occurs.
• Walking Models - predicts how much walking would occur in specific conditions.
• Walking Evaluation –calculates the benefits of improved walkability and increased walking activity.
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Paradigm ShiftsParadigm Shifts
Mobility - physical movement. Measured as vehicle travel.
Accessibility - obtaining desired goods, services and activities. Inclucdes:
• Mobility
• Land use accessibiltiy
• Mobility substitutes
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Measuring WalkabilityMeasuring Walkability
• Pedestrian network quality (quality of paths, sidewalks and crosswalks).
• Pedestrian network connectivity(how well sidewalks and paths are connected allowing direct pedestrian access to destinations).
• Land use accessibility (distance between common destinations, such as homes, shops, schools, parks).
• Security (how safe people feel while walking, including personal security and traffic safety).
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Pedestrian LevelPedestrian Level--ofof--Service (Dixon)Service (Dixon)
01
No supportSupport exists
TDM/Multi Modal(Max. value = 1)
-102
Major or frequent problemsMinor or infrequent problemsNo problems
Maintenance(Max. value = 2)
012
LOS = E, F, or 6+ travel lanesLOS = D, & < 6 travel lanesLOS = A, B, C, & < 6 travel lanes
Motor Vehicle LOS(Max. value = 2)
10.50.5
Buffer not less than 1m (3’5”)Benches or pedestrian scale lightingShade trees
Amenities(Max. value = 2)
10.50.50.50.51
Driveways & sidestreetsPed. Signal delay 40 sec. or lessReduced turn conflict implementationCrossing width 18.3 m (60’) or lessPosted speedMedians present
Conflicts(Max. value = 10)
046211
Not continuous or non-existentContinuous on one sideContinuous on both sidesMin. 1.53 m (5’) wide & barrier freeSidewalk width >1.53 (5’)Off-street/parallel alternative facility
Facility (Max. value = 10)
PointsFactor
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Measuring Walking ActivityMeasuring Walking Activity
• Purpose (commute, errand, recreation, etc.)
• When and where
• User demographics
• Whether it substitutes for motorized travel.
• Geographic conditions
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Walking Tends to be UndercountedWalking Tends to be Undercounted
• Difficult to measure
• Short distances
• Used by disenfranchised populations
• Low cost
• Lack of respect
• “Will take advantage of itself”
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If, instead of asking, “What portion of trips are only by active transport? We ask, “What portion of trips involve someactive transport?”the portion of active transport typically increases 2-6 times.
Conventional Comprehensive
Mode
Split
NMT
Transit
Auto
Counting All WalkingCounting All Walking
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Walk Bicycle PublicTransit
AutomobileDriver
AutomobilePassenger
DistanceTimeTrips
Distance, Time and Trips (UK Data)Distance, Time and Trips (UK Data)
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Conventional Evaluation Measures Traffic Conventional Evaluation Measures Traffic
� Traffic speeds and congestion delay� Roadway Level-of-service � Vehicle operating costs� Vehicle crash rates� Parking supply and occupancy
This favors mobility over accessibility and automobile travel over alternative modes.
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Walking BenefitsWalking Benefits
• Fun
• Fitness and health
• Affordable, consumer cost savings
• Improves mobility options for non-drivers (equity benefits)
• Supports use of public transit.
• Reduces congestion.
• Road and parking cost savings.
• Energy conservation.
• Reduces pollution.
• Supports smart growth land use.
• Supports economic development.
• Attractive legs.
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Comparing BenefitsComparing Benefits
�Public fitness & health
�Land use objectives (smart growth)
��Pollution reduction
��Energy conservation
�Improve traffic safety
�Improve mobility options
�Consumer cost savings
�Parking cost savings
�Roadway cost savings
��Reduce traffic congestion
Efficient and Alternative Fuel
Vehicles
Increase Roadway Capacity
Improving Walkability
Planning Objectives
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“Quantifying the Benefits of Non-Motorized Transport for Achieving TDM Objectives”
“Whose Roads? Evaluating Bicyclists and Pedestrian’s Rights To Use Public Roadways”
“Well Measured: Sustainable Transportation Indicators”
“Economic Value of Walkability”
“Online TDM Encyclopedia”
and more...
www.vtpi.org