624 Coal120 Oil
MINES IN INDIA:
8690 Metal/Non-Metal
Direct Employment – about 1(one) million (daily average)
�Beginning of 20th century
�Only 14minerals were mined
�Coal, Gold, Manganese ore, Mica, Salt, Oil, etc.
� 1946
�22 minerals - exploited commercially
� Post independence era
Mining industry in India.. Then----------
�Great spurt in mining activities
� Late Fifties
�Large Public Sector Mining companies formed in Coal, Oil, Iron
Ore, etc.
�1971 - 73
�Coal Mines Nationalised
� Presently
� 87 minerals of commercial importance (4 Fuel, 11 Metal, 50 Non-
metal) are being exploited
� Employing over 1(one) million persons directly
� Covering wide range of mining activities
• small surface deposits
• deep seated & large operations
Mining industry in India.. and now----------
• extremely soft deposits
• very hard formations
• steep deposits
• lenticular deposits
• placer deposits
• widely varying geological characters of host rocks & minerals
• under sea activities
• wide array of machinery & techniques
OHS regulation in Indian Mines
• History of development of Mining and Mine
Safety Management System is similar everywhere
in the world
• Followed the same path
– From cottage industry with pick mining to semi-
mechanisation to modern mechanised mines
– From Zero regulation to SHMS through prescriptive
legislation to Self regulation
• Difference being the pace at which the change
taken/taking place
• In ‘mainstream’ OHS legislation in developed countries, prescriptive approach largely abandoned in 1970s and 1980s and 1980s
• In mining it lingered on for much longer
Present SHMS in Indian Mines
• Heavy reliance on prescriptive standards
• Enforcement driven• Enforcement driven
• Mere compliance with rules – nothing beyond that
• Becoming more and more prescriptive, over-complex
The Work Process
Concept Decommission
Competency
Training
Fitness for
Dust/Noise/light
/Hkeeping
Working at
heights / near
The Model we are looking at
Fitness for
work
Safe design/
manufacture
Safety
Provisions
PHMP / RA
SOP
Hierarchy of
Control
TARP
Change Mgt
Investigation
Emergency Mgt
heights / near
water-bodies
Gas
� Competency
• Mine workers not to carry out tasks unless
competent
� Training
• Obligation to train mine workers so that they
Competent people – a necessity
• Obligation to train mine workers so that they
are competent to perform their duties
• SHMS must provide for Training schemes
� Induction
� Refresher
Fit for purpose plant & equipment
• Obligation of designer, manufacturer, importer
or suppliers of plant etc.
• to ensure the plant is designed and
manufactured so that, when used manufactured so that, when used
properly, the risk to persons from the use of
the plant is at an acceptable level
Safe working methods� PHMP
� PHMP Risk assessment
� TARP
� Standard Operating Procedure
� SWI/SWG
� Standard Guidelines
� Hierarchy of Controls� Hierarchy of Controls
� Recognised Standards
� Risk assessment / JSA / JHA/ SLAM/Take 5
� Work place inspections
� Control effectiveness audit
� Built in checks like check sheet / prestart checks/
� Adequate and effective supervision
� Change Management
Interventions vis-à-vis OSH in Mines
Legislative:
Enforcement measures
Drawing attention of mine operators about
contraventions of statutecontraventions of statute
Withdrawal of permissions, etc.
Improvement notices, prohibitory orders
Suspension of statutory certificates
Prosecutions in the Court of Law
Actions by mine managements
Interventions vis-à-vis OSH in Mines
Promotional:
Safety weeks, campaigns
Conferences on safety in mines
National Safety AwardsNational Safety Awards
Safety incentives
First Aid, rescue competitions
Promoting workers’ participation in safety
management
Interventions vis-à-vis OSH in Mines
Other Initiatives
Self regulation
Awareness generation
Information disseminationInformation dissemination
Safety Management Plans
Specialized training
Safety alerts/ advisories
Seminars, workshops
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
DEA
TH
RA
TE
TREND IN DEATH RATE
PER 1000 PERSONS EMPLOYED
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1901-10 1911-20 1921-30 1931-40 1941-50 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 2001-10 2011-13
DEA
TH
RA
TE
DECADE
Coal Non-Coal
105
81 8387
96
78 7680
83
97
83
96
80
100
120
No
. o
f fa
tal
accid
en
ts
Trend in incidence of fatal accidents in mines
6562
50 5155
47
54 5349
33
50
4237
54
9
2 1 2 14 3 5 3 4 5
25
0
20
40
60
2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
No
. o
f fa
tal
accid
en
ts
Year
Coal
Metal
Oil
Lime Stone, 4, 2%
Manganese, 1, 0%
Stone, 22, 12%
Others, 32, 17%
CASUALTIES DURING 2013 BY MAJOR MINERALS
Coal, 114, 61%
Oil, 6, 3%
Galena &
Sphalerite, 3, 2%
Gold, 1, 0%
Iron Ore, 5, 3%
James T Reason* Swiss Cheese Modelof Accident Causation
• Organization’s defenses against failures – modeled as
series of barriers (slices of cheese)
• Holes in the slices represent weaknesses , continually
varying in size and positionvarying in size and position
• System fails when a hole in each slice momentarily
aligns, permitting “a trajectory of accident opportunity”
• Hazard passes thru’ holes in all the slices, leading
to failure
• Failures can be – ‘active’ or ‘latent’
Improvement in OSH scenario depends on successfully addressing all the four failure domains in our industry …………………….
Organizational influencesUnsafe supervisionPreconditions of unsafe acts& Specific unsafe acts
Our Goal
To Introduce an adequate and effective SHMS
• Which shall Include•Principal hazard management plans and
•Standard operating procedures
• SWI/SWG/TARP/Checksheets
•Incident investigation and management system
•Emergency Management System
•Change Management Procedure
Gradual changes from prescriptive to self regulation
General principle of self regulation
Prescription for core issues
Help in introducing high level of
The Path
Help in introducing high level of commitment, transparency and self motivation in the industry
Adequate legislative back-up
Comprehensive and effective understanding
Capacity building for development and implementing SHMS
Areas to work on-
Exposure to World best practices
Capacity building in relevant areas
Help in creating an ‘Outreach program’
Recast vocational training modulesRecast vocational training modules
Consider a ‘perception survey’
Use scientific ‘training need assessment’
for officers, workers
Development of effective training delivery
mechanisms
We are working on-
Comprehensive specialized training on Accident InvestigationReview & updating of Mine Vocational Training
RulesRulesSafety perception survey
Awareness generation programs at NE statesAmendment of regulations