![Page 1: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Virginia State University
General Chemistry I
Chem 161Fall 2011
Dr. Victor Vilchiz
![Page 2: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Alchemy
• What is it?
• Where did it originate?– Egypt… Khem = Turn Black– Greece… Cheo = to cast– China… Chin-I = gold making juice
• How did it lead to Chemistry?
![Page 3: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AIR
• Ancient elements– How many?
• 1• 2• 3• 4
– 5 ?
• How many Elements do we have now?
![Page 4: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AIR
• Fixed Air
• Explosive Air
• Noxious Air
• Flammable Air
![Page 5: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atomic Theory
• Who postulated it?
• How many postulates?
• What are they?
• How many are “correct”?
![Page 6: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atomic Bookkeeping
• Atoms– Molecules
• Formulas– Types of formulas
• Subscripts• Coefficients• Hydrates
• Chemical Reactions– Balancing Chemical Reactions.
![Page 7: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Chemistry IVirginia State University
Chapter 2
Dr. Vilchiz
Fall 2011
![Page 8: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
THE UNIVERSE
• According to Science how did it all started?– Evidence?
• Direct?
• Indirect?
![Page 9: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Questions…
• How big can it get?
• How small was it?
• How much mass is there?
• Etc.
![Page 10: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Measurements
• Types of Properties
• Types of Measurements
• Parts in a measurement
• Units– Basic vs derived– SI vs Imperial
![Page 11: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SI UNITS
• The SI (Systeme Internationale) of units has six basic units– Length meter m– Temperature Kelvin K– Mass kilogram kg– Time second s– Luminous Intensity candela cd– Substance amount Mole mol
![Page 12: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Derived Units
• The rest of the units are derived from these basic units.– Volume m3
– Force Newton N=kgm/s2
– Energy Joule J=kgm2/s2
– Pressure Pascal Pa=kg/ms2
– Velocity m/s– Density kg/m3
![Page 13: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Metric System
Similar to Table 2.4 In your book
![Page 14: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Temperature
• What is temperature?– What different scales do we use?
• Where did they come from?
![Page 15: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Scientific Notation
• What is it?
• Why use it?
• What else does it accomplish?
• What practical benefits does it have?
![Page 16: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Measurement and Sig Figs
All measurements, no matter how careful they are taken, have an error, uncertainty, associated with them.
![Page 17: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Errors
• Type of errors?
• How can we “fixed” them?
• How do they affect reported numbers?
• Accuracy vs Precision
![Page 18: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rules for Sig Figs
• What numbers count?All nonzero digits are significant.
Zeros between significant figures are significant.
Zeros preceding the first nonzero digit are not significant.
Zeros to the right of the decimal after a nonzero digit are significant.
Zeros at the end of a nondecimal number may or may not be significant. (Use scientific notation.)
![Page 19: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Significant Figures
3456 has 4 sig figs.
0.0486 has3 sig figs.
16.07 has
4 sig figs.
1.300 has 4 sig figs.
1310 has 3 sig figs.
1310. has
4 sig figs.
![Page 20: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Significant Figures & Math
When multiplying and dividing measured quantities, give as many significant figures as the least found in the measurements used.
When adding or subtracting measured quantities, give the same number of decimals as the least found in the measurements used.
![Page 21: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
14.0 g /102.4 mL = 0.136718g/mL
Significant Figures
![Page 22: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
14.0 g /102.4 mL = 0.136718g/mL
only three significant figures
Significant Figures
![Page 23: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
14.0 g /102.4 mL = 0.137 g/mL
only three significant figures
Significant Figures
![Page 24: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Exact Numbers
• What are they?
• Do they have sig figs?
• How do they affect calculations?
![Page 25: Virginia State University General Chemistry I Chem 161 Fall 2011 Dr. Victor Vilchiz](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e105503460f94afbde1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Calculations…
• Dimensional Analysis– Conversion Factors
• How accurate do I have to be?