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Virtual Communities and Science in the Large
Dr. Carl KesselmanISI Fellow
Director, Center for Grid TechnologiesInformation Sciences Institute
Research ProfessorComputer Science
Viterbi School of EngineeringUniversity of Southern California
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Acknowledgements Ian Foster, with whom
I developed many of these slides Bill Allcock, Charlie Catlett,
Kate Keahey, Jennifer Schopf, Frank Siebenlist, Mike Wilde @ ANL/UC
Ann Chervenak, Ewa Deelman, Laura Pearlman, Mike D’Arcy, Gaurang Mehta, SCEC @ USC/ISI
Karl Czajkowski, Steve Tuecke @ Univa Numerous other fine colleagues NSF, DOE, IBM for research support
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Context:System-Level Science
Problems too large &/or complex to tackle alone …
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Seismic Hazard Analysis (T. Jordan & SCEC)
InSAR Image of theHector Mine Earthquake
A satellitegeneratedInterferometricSynthetic Radar(InSAR) image ofthe 1999 HectorMine earthquake.
Shows thedisplacement fieldin the direction ofradar imaging
Each fringe (e.g.,from red to red)corresponds to afew centimeters ofdisplacement.
SeismicHazardModel
Seismicity Paleoseismology Local site effects Geologic structure
Faults
Stresstransfer
Crustal motion Crustal deformation Seismic velocity structure
Rupturedynamics
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SCEC Community Model
IntensityIntensityMeasuresMeasures
Earthquake Earthquake Forecast ModelForecast Model
AttenuationAttenuationRelationshipRelationship
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Standardized Seismic Hazard Analysis
Ground motion simulation
Physics-based earthquake forecasting
Ground-motion inverse problem
Structural Simulation
AWMAWMGroundGroundMotionsMotionsSRMSRM
Unified Structural RepresentationUnified Structural RepresentationFaults Motions Stresses Anelastic modelFaults Motions Stresses Anelastic model
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AWP = Anelastic Wave Propagation
SRM = = Site Response Model
RDRDMM
FSMFSM
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FSM = Fault System Model
RDM = Rupture Dynamics Model
InvertInvert
Other DataOther DataGeologyGeologyGeodesyGeodesy
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22
33
11
44
55
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Science Takes a Village …
Teams organized around common goals People, resource, software, data, instruments…
With diverse membership & capabilities Expertise in multiple areas required
And geographic and political distribution No location/organization possesses all required
skills and resources Must adapt as a function of the situation
Adjust membership, reallocate responsibilities, renegotiate resources
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Virtual Organizations From organizational behavior/management:
"a group of people who interact through interdependent tasks guided by common purpose [that] works across space, time, and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technologies" (Lipnack & Stamps, 1997)
The impact of cyberinfrastructure People computational agents & services Communication technologies IT
infrastructure, i.e. Grid
“The Anatomy of the Grid”, Foster, Kesselman, Tuecke, 2001
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Forming & Operating (Scientific) Communities
Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards I.e., policy
Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure Data, programs, services, computing, storage,
instruments Define and perform collaborative work
Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy Manage community workflow
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Forming & Operating (Scientific) Communities
Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards I.e., policy
Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure Data, programs, services, computing, storage,
instruments Service-oriented architecture
Define and perform collaborative work Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy Manage community workflow
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Defining Community: Membership and Laws
Identify VO participants and roles For people and services
Specify and control actions of members Empower members delegation Enforce restrictions federate policy
A
1 2
B
1 2
A B
1
10
1
10
1
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Policy Challenges in VOs
Restrict VO operations based on characteristics of requestor VO dynamics create challenges
Intra-VO VO specific roles Mechanisms to specify/enforce
policy at VO level Inter-VO
Entities/roles in one VO notnecessarily defined in another VO
Access granted by community
to user
Site admission-
control policies
EffectiveAccess
Policy of site to
community
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Core Security Mechanisms Authentication and digital signature
“Identity” of communicating party Attribute Assertions
C asserts that S has attribute A with value V Delegation
C asserts that S can perform O on behalf of C Namespaces and Attribute mapping
{A1, A2… An}vo1 {A’1, A’2… A’n}vo2
Policy Entity with attributes A asserted by C may perform
operation O on resource R
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Security Services for VO Policy Attribute Authority (ATA)
Issue signed attribute assertions (incl. identity, delegation & mapping)
Authorization Authority (AZA) Decisions based on assertions & policy
Use with message/transport level security
VO AService
VOATA
VOAZA
MappingATA
VO BService
VOUser A
Delegation AssertionUser B can use Service A
VO-A Attr VO-B Attr
VOUser B
Resource AdminAttribute
VO MemberAttribute
VO Member Attribute
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Security Services in Practice
VO
RightsUsers
Rights’
ComputeCenter
Access
Services (runningon user’s behalf)
Rights
Local policyon VO identityor attributeauthority
CAS or VOMSissuing SAMLor X.509 ACs
SSL/WS-Securitywith ProxyCertificates
Authz Callout:SAML, XACML
KCA
MyProxy
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Forming & Operating Scientific Communities
Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards I.e., policy
Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure Data, programs, services, computing,
storage, instruments Define and perform collaborative work
Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy Manage community workflow
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Beyond Science Silos:Service-Oriented Architecture
Decompose across network Clients integrate dynamically
Select & compose services Select “best of breed” providers Publish result as a new service
Decouple resource & service providers
Function
Resource
Data Archives
Analysis tools
Discovery toolsUsers
Fig: S. G. Djorgovski
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Decomposition EnablesSeparation of Concerns & Roles
User
ServiceProvider
“Provide access to data D at S1, S2, S3 with performance P”
ResourceProvider
“Provide storage with performance P1, network with P2, …”
D
S1
S2
S3
D
S1
S2
S3Replica catalog,User-level multicast, …
D
S1
S2
S3
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Providing VO Services:(1) Integration from Other Sources
Negotiate servicelevel agreements
Delegate and deploy capabilities/services
Provision to deliver defined capability
Configure environment Host layered functions
CommunityA
CommunityZ…
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Deploying New Services
Policy
Client
Environment
Activity
Allocate/provisionConfigure
Initiate activityMonitor activityControl activity
Interface Resource provider
Current mechanisms include:GRAM, Workspaces (Keahey, et al), HAND (Qi, et al)
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Virtualizing Existing Services into a VO
Establish service agreement with service E.g., WS-Agreement, GRAM
Delegate use to VO user
UserA
VO Admin
UserBVO User
ExistingServices
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www.opensciencegrid.org
Jobs (2004)
Open Science Grid 50 sites (15,000 CPUs) & growing 400 to >1000 concurrent jobs Many applications + CS experiments;
includes long-running production operations Up since October 2003; few FTEs central ops
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VOUser
EmbeddedResource Management
ClusterResourceManager
GRAM
ClusterResourceManager
GRAM
• VO admin delegates credentials to be used by downstream VO services.• VO admin starts the required services.• VO jobs comes in directly from the upstream VO Users• VO job gets forwarded to the appropriate resource using the VO credentials• Computational job started for VO
Client-side
VO Scheduler Other Services
VO Admin
. . .
Monitoring and control
HeadnodeResourceManager
GRAM
Deleg Deleg
Deleg
VOUser
VO Job
VO Job
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The Condor Brick
Deploy Brick
Allocate resourcesInitiate management services
Execute Jobs via Condor-C
Local CondorEnvironment
Public Network Private Network
Allocate resourcesInitiate job starters
(i.e. glidein)
GRAM
GRAM
VO Admin
VOUser
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Policy for Dynamic VO Service
Hosting Environment
Service PDPDoIt Service
ContainerPDP
VO PDP
User
Create doit
AddPolicy if Role=VO/Admin
Role=HE/Service_Creator
CreateService if Role=HE/ServiceCreator
AddUser DoIt if VO_PDP(Attrs)=yes &
Role=HE/Doer
VO ATA
DoIt if Role=VO/Doer
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Providing VO Services:(2) Coordination & Composition
Take a set of provisioned services …
… & compose to synthesize new behaviors
This is traditional service composition But must also be concerned with emergent
behaviors, autonomous interactions See the work of the agent & PlanetLab
communities
“Brain vs. Brawn: Why Grids and Agents Need Each Other," Foster, Kesselman, Jennings, 2004.
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Birmingham•
The Globus-BasedLIGO Data Grid
Replicating >1 Terabyte/day to 8 sites>120 million replicas so farMTBF = 1 month
LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory
www.globus.org/solutions
Cardiff
AEI/Golm
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Pull “missing” files to a storage system
List of required
Files
GridFTPLocal
ReplicaCatalog
ReplicaLocation
Index
Data Replication
Service
Reliable File
Transfer Service Local
ReplicaCatalog
GridFTP
Data Replication Service
“Design and Implementation of a Data Replication Service Based on the Lightweight Data Replicator System,” Chervenak et al., 2005
ReplicaLocation
Index
Data MovementData Location
Data Replication
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Hypervisor/OS Deploy hypervisor/OS
Composing Resources …Composing Services
Physical machineProcure hardware
VM VM Deploy virtual machine
Provisioning, management, and monitoring at all levels
JVM Deploy container
DRS Deploy service GridFTP RLS
VO Services
GridFTP
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Community Commons
What capabilities are available to VO? Membership changes, state changes
Require mechanisms to aggregate and update VO information
VO-specific indexes
S
S
S SInformation
AA
A
FRESH
MOREThe age of
information
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GT4 Container
Monitoring and Discovery Services
MDS-Index
GT4 Cont.
RFT
MDS-Index
GT4 Container
MDS-Index
Registration &WSRF/WSN Access
GridFTP
adapter
Custom protocolsfor non-WSRF entities
Clients (e.g., WebMDS)
GRAM User
Automatedregistrationin container
WS-ServiceGroup
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Forming & Operating Scientific Communities
Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards I.e., policy
Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure Data, programs, services, computing, storage,
instruments Service-oriented architecture
Define and perform collaborative work Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy Manage community workflow
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Collaborative WorkExecuted
Executing
Executable
Not yet executable
Query
Edit
ScheduleExecution environment
What I Did
What I Want to Do
What I Am Doing
…
Time
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Managing Collaborative Work Process as “workflow,” at different scales, e.g.:
Run 3-stage pipeline Process data flowing from expt over a year Engage in interactive analysis
Need to keep track of: What I want to do (will evolve with new knowledge) What I am doing now (evolve with system config.) What I did (persistent; a source of information)
AbstractWorfklow
Workflow with executable
nodes
Jobs
TemplateGeneration
WorkflowRefinement
ExecutionEnvironment
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Problem Refinement Given: desired result and constraints
desired result (high-level, metadata description) application components resources in the Grid (dynamic, distributed) constraints & preferences on solution quality
Find: an executable job workflow A configuration that generates the desired result A specification of resources to be used Sequence of operations: create agreement, move
data, request operation May create workflow incrementally as information
becomes available
"Mapping Abstract Complex Workflows onto Grid Environments," Deelman, Blythe, Gil, Kesselman, Mehta, Vahi, Arbree, Cavanaugh, Blackburn, Lazzarini, Koranda, 2003.
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36Trident: The GriPhyNVirtual Data System
Abstractworkflow
Local planner
DAGmanDAG
StaticallyPartitioned
DAG
DAGman &Condor-GDynamically
PlannedDAG
VDLProgram
Virtual Datacatalog
Virtual DataWorkflowGenerator
JobPlanner
JobCleanup
Workflow spec Create Execution Plan Grid Workflow Execution
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Seismic Hazard Curve
Ground motion that will be exceeded every yearExceeded every year
Ground motion that a person can expect to be exceeded during their lifetime
Typical design for buildings
Typical design for hospitals
Typical design fornuclear power plant
Exceeded 1 time in10 years
Exceeded 1 time in100 years
Exceeded 1 time in1000 years
Exceeded 1 time in10,000 years A
nnual fr
equ
ency
of
exce
edance
Ground Motion – Peak Ground Acceleration
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Carl’s house during Northridge
Minor damage Moderate damage
10% probability of exceedance in 50
years
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SCEC Cybershake
Calculate hazard curves by generating synthetic seismograms from estimated rupture forecast
Rupture Forecast
Synthetic Seismogram
Strain GreenTensor
Hazard CurveSpectral Acceleration
Hazard Map
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Cybershake on the SCEC VO
TeraGridCompute
TeraGridStorage
VO Scheduler
Workflow Scheduler/Engine
VO Service Catalog
Provenance Catalog
Data Catalog
SCECStorage
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Summary (1):Community Services
Community roll, city hall, permits, licensing & police force Assertions, policy, attribute & authorization services
Directories, maps Information services
City services: power, water, sewer Deployed services
Shops, businesses Composed services
Day-to-day activities Workflows, visualization
Tax board, fees, economic considerations Barter, planned economy, eventually markets
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Summary (2) Community based science will be the norm
Requires collaborations across sciences— including computer science
Many different types of communities Differ in coupling, membership, lifetime, size
Must think beyond science stovepipes Increasingly the community infrastructure will become the
scientific observatory Scaling requires a separation of concerns
Providers of resources, services, content Small set of fundamental mechanisms required to build
communities
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For More Information Globus Alliance
www.globus.org NMI and GRIDS Center
www.nsf-middleware.org www.grids-center.org
Infrastructure www.opensciencegrid.org www.teragrid.org
Background www.isi.edu/~carl
2nd Editionwww.mkp.com/grid2