a visual field is seen as a group based on contrast
SIMILARITYtendency to group figures that have
similar characteristics
PROXIMITYtendency to group things that are close
together
CLOSUREtendency to complete figures that are
incomplete
CONTINUANCEtendency to view implied movement
derived from pattern
TRANSLATION function that moves every point a constant
distance in the specified direction
ROTATIONtransformation in a plane or in space that
describes motion around a fixed point
REFLECTIONa transformation of a figure in which each point is replaced by a point symmetric with respect
to a line or plane
GLIDE REFLECTIONa combination of reflection and translation
DILATIONobject is enlarged/reduced around a given
center point
STRUCTUREONE
STRUCTURETWO
STRUCTURETHREE
STRUCTUREFOUR
STRUCTUREFIVE
STRUCTURESIX
SYMMETRIC BALANCEmade up of exactly similar parts facing each other
around an axis
ASYMMETRIC BALANCEhaving parts that fail to correspond to one another in shape, size or arrangement; lacking symmetry,
but composition is still apparent
AMBIGUOUS BALANCEno clear focal point in the composition, different and
random elements draw the viewer’s eye around the piece
NEUTRAL BALANCEno clear or specific focal point, lack of balance and
elements are free of specific order or pattern
® juanita martinez, 2012completed as a requirement for visual communication in the graphic design department at the kansas city art institute. michael kidwell, assistant professor.