Download - Vitamins
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Vitamins
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• Organic molecules with a wide variety of functions
Essential, supplied in the diet
• Cofactors for enzymatic reactions•• Two distinct types: Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
What are vitamins?
• Water soluble (B – complex, C)
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential for normal health and growth. They are required in trace amounts and must be obtained from the diet because they are not synthesized in the body. Before vitamins were discovered, it was known that lime juice prevented the disease scurvy in sailors and that cod liver oil could prevent rickets. In 1912, scientists found that, in addition to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, certain other factors called vitamins must be obtained from the diet.
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Why are they good for us?
Greater need due to worse environment
Improved immunity
Prevent illnesses
Slower aging
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Soluble in aqueoussolutions
Used as cofactors bymany enzymes
Not stored in the body
Water- soluble vitamins
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K
Are A, D, E, and K.
ASoluble in lipids, but not inaqueous solutions
Important in vision, boneformation, antioxidants, andblood clotting
D
EStored in the body
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Thiamine (Vitamin B1)Was the first B vitamin identifiedIs part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP)
TPP coenzyme is required by enzymes in the decarboxylation of-keto carboxylic acids.Deficiency results in beriberi (fatigue, weight loss, and nerve degeneration).
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Influences saccharide metabolismReduces fatigueIs destroyed by severe washings of rice and vegetablesSevere deficiency leads to beri- beriSources: yeasts, cereals,rice, liver, legumes
Thiamine
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)0
55%
Made of the sugar alcohol ribitol and flavin
Part of the coenzymes flavin
NN
HH3C
H3C N
N
O
CH2 CH
CH
OH
OH
adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN).30%
Needed for good vision and healthy skin
O.
D-Ribitol CH CH2OH
OH
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Saccharide and lipid metabolismCuring of skin diseases Support of sight function Light sensitiveSources: cerals, eggs, vegetables, dairy products, yeast, liver
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Niacin (Vitamin B3)• Is part of the coenzyme
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) involved in oxidation- reduction reactions.
• Deficiency can result in dermatitis, muscle fatigue, and loss of appetite.
• Is found in meats, rice, and whole grains.
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Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)• Is part of coenzyme A needed for energy production as well as
glucose and cholesterol synthesis.• Deficiency can result in fatigue, retarded growth and
anemia.•
Part of coenzyme A• Reduces stress, prevents
tiredness••
Necessary for formation of glycogen, fatty acids, steroid hormones Sources: whole grains, and vegetables ,eggs,liver, heart, yeast
O
C N CH2 CH2 COHH
CH3 OHO
HO CH2 C CH
CH3
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)• Pyridoxine and pyridoxal are two forms of vitamin B6,
which are converted to the coenzyme pyridoxalphosphate (PLP).
• PLP is required in the transamination of amino acids anddecarboxylation of carboxylic acids.
• Deficiency of pyridoxine may lead to dermatitis, fatigue, and anemia.
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Pyridoxine• Amino acids and protein
metabolism• Cure of anemia• Erythropoiesis• Antibody formation• Sources: meat, fish,
liver, vegetables, cerals, yolk, legumes
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Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
• Consists of four pyrrolerings with a Co2+.
• Is a coenzyme for enzymes that transfer methyl groups and produce red blood cells.
• Deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia and nerve damage.
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Cyanocobalamin• Formation of red
blood cells• Maintenance of
neuronal tissue• Cure of neuro
diseases, anemia• Sources: dairy
products, meat, poultry, sea products
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Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
• Is required in collagensynthesis.
• Deficiency can lead to weakened connective tissue, slow-healing wounds, and anemia.
• Is found in Indian gooseberries,blueberries, citrus fruits,tomatoes, broccoli, redand green vegetables.
OCH2O
H
CHOHOHHO
O
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Vitamin C• Hormone, collagen
synthesis• Infection resistance, cure
of cuts• Hypervitaminosis:
addiction, diarrhea• Hypovitaminosis: scurvy• Source: fruits,vegetables
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Vitamin A
• Vitamin A is obtained from meats and beta-carotenes in plants.
• Beta-carotenes are converted by liverenzymes to vitamin A (retinol).
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3H3C CH3
H3C
CH3 CH3
CH2OHH3C CH3
CH3
Beta-carotene CH3
Retinol (vitamin A)
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2222
Vitamin A and Provitamin ARetinol• Cancer cure and prevention• Skin, eyes, genital glands• Provitamin changes to A vitamin in
liver• Sources: liver, egg yolks,
dairy products• Provitamin A sources: carrots,
pepper, spinach, yellow fruits
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Vitamin DVitamin D (D3):• Is synthesized in skin
exposed to sunlight.• Regulates the
absorption of phosphorus and calcium during bone growth.
• Deficiency can result inweakened bones.
• Sources include cod liver oil, egg yolk, and enriched milk.
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Vitamin D• Calciferols• the "sunshine vitamin" (UV rays)• regulation of calcium metabolism• sources: yeasts, fish, yolks, dairy products
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Vitamin E
O
• Is an antioxidant in cells.• May prevent the oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids.• Is found in vegetable oils, whole grains,
and vegetables.
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
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Vitamin ETocoferols• Antioxidant (lipid protection)• improves immunity• Cures muscle, heart and skin diseases,
burns• Sources: green vegetables, vegetable oil,
corn, eggs, bread, dairy products, peas, beans
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Vitamin K• Vitamin K1 in plants has a saturated side
chain.• Vitamin K2 in animals has a long
unsaturated side chain.• Vitamin K2 is needed for the synthesis of
zymogens for blood clotting.
3
CH3
O
O CH3
CH3
nCH3
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
CH3
CH3
O
O CH3
CH3
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
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Vitamin K• Blood clotting• Higher need by newborns, people with
liver diseases, or fat malabsorbtion• Sources: green fruits and vegetables,
tomatoes, soy, beef liver, yolks, wheat, butter, cheese
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Recommended Values:Daily values [mg]:1-330 - 20025 - 20030 - 10020 - 50010 - 155 - 8300 - 50002 - 12 g10400 - 2000
Vitamin:A (retinol)B1 (thiamine) B2 (riboflavin)B3 (niacin, niacinamid) B5 (Pantothenic acid) B6 (pyridoxine)B12 (Cynocobalamine) H (Biotin)C (Ascorbic acid) D (cholecalciferol) E (tokoferol)K 80
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