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Vocabulary Instruction
Foundations
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Starting Out…NAEP National Assessment of Educational Progress (1998)
Can read at start ofschoolFind learning to readfairly easyFind learning to readchallengingExperience extremedifficulties
20-35%
5%
60%
30% of the 60%
Source:
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What’s Vocabulary?
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Vocabulary Knowledge
Learning, as a language based activity, is fundamentally
and profoundly dependent on vocabulary knowledge.
Learners must have access to the meanings of words that
teachers, or their surrogates (e.g., other adults, books, films,
etc.), use to guide them into contemplating known concepts
in novel ways (i.e., to learn something new).Baker, Simmons, & Kame'enui, 1998
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The Importance of Vocabulary
The importance of vocabulary knowledge to school success, in general, and reading comprehension, in particular, is widely documented.
Becker, 1977; Anderson & Nagy, 1991
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Closing the Achievement Gap
It is now well accepted that the chief cause of the achievement gap between socioeconomic groups is a language gap.
-E.D. Hirsch 2003
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Understanding the Language GapHigh knowledge 3rd graders have vocabularies equal to low performing 12th graders.
Top high school seniors know 4 times the wordsof lower performing classmates.
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1st grade students from high SES groups know about twice as many words as lower SES students.
Students need to learn an estimated 4000-5000 new words each year.
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Effective InstructionKey ingredients of successful vocabulary development involves the teaching of specific words AND providing direct instruction in word learning strategies.
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posterioranterior
Broca’s area Inferior frontal
gyrus (articulation/word
analysis)
Parieto-temporal (word analysis)
Occipito-temporal (word form)
Reading and the Brain
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ActivityWhat do you understand?How do you know these words?
Because you have the skill of reading mastered, your brain makes these shifts automatically.
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Stages of Reading Development
Late grade 2
Grade 3+
un-re-li-a-ble
un-reli-able
CONSOLIDATED ALPHABETIC or ORTHOGRAPHIC
Late grade 1 to early grade
street rakesang turn
FULL or LATE ALPHABETIC
Late k toearly grade 1
cat fogpet bin
PARTIAL or EARLY ALPHABETIC
Pre-kPREALPHABETIC or PRELITERATE
Ehri 1995, Moats 2000
STOP
Source: WRFFTAC 2005
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Meaningful Differences
32 affirmations, 5 prohibitionsProfessional:12 affirmations, 7 prohibitionsWorking Class:5 affirmations, 11 prohibitions Welfare:
Actual Differences in Quality of Words Heard2,153 words Professional:1,251 words Working Class:616 words Welfare:
In a typical hour, the average child would hear:Actual Differences in Quantities of Words Heard
Hart & Risley 1995, 2002
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Meaningful Differences
45 million 11 million 215,000 2,153 Professional
26 million 6 million 125,000 1,251 Working Class
13 million 3 million 62,000 616 Welfare
4 years
Words heard in a 5,200
hour year
Words heard in
a 100-hour week
Words heard
per hour
Hart & Risley 1995, 2002
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Partner Activity:The GAP keeps getting bigger!!!
Discuss how this information should influence your instructional decisions.
What might schools be doing to address the GAP?
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Importance of Independent Reading
Research has shown that children who read
ten min/ day outside of school experience
substantially higher rates of vocabulary
growth between 2nd and 5th grade than
children who do little or no reading.
Anderson & Nagy, 1992
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How Many Words Do People Know?
There are roughly 88,700 word families used in books up to 12th grade.
About half the words we read are the 107 words of highest frequency. Another 5,000 words account for the next 45%, so that 95% of the text we read consists of about 5,100different words (Adams, 1990).
Steven Stahl, 1999
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300-500 words per year can reasonably be taught through direct instruction (8-10 words per week, 50 weeks per year).
Most of these new words learned must come from context (Sternberg, 1987).
ELL students rely more heavily on direct instruction
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8,000 0 00251,000 8,000 1.00.110
134,000 21,000 2.40.720251,000 106,000 4.31.830421,000 200,000 6.23.240601,000 282,000 9.24.650722,000 432,000 13.16.560
1,168,000 622,000 16.99.6701,697,000 1,146,000 24.614.2802,357,000 1,823,000 33.421.2904,733,000 4,358,000 67.365.098
TextBooksTextBooksWords Read Per YearMinutes Per DayPercentile
Rank
Variation in the Amount of Independent Reading
R.C. Anderson, 1992
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CategorizingAnd
Classifying
CategorizingAnd
Classifying
Vocabulary Instruction
SynonymsAntonyms
Homonyms
SynonymsAntonyms
Homonyms
Word-LearningStrategies
Strategies Taught
Word-LearningStrategies
Strategies Taught
Specific Word Instruction
Methods of Teaching
Specific Word Instruction
Methods of Teaching
Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis
Word Consciousness
Word Consciousness
IndependentReading
IndependentReading
DirectDefinitions
DirectDefinitionsContext
CluesContext
CluesWord
StructureWord
Structure AnalogiesAnalogies
MappingMapping
Multiple Meaning Words
Multiple Multiple Meaning WordsMeaning Words
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2 Types of Vocabulary
OralWords for which you know the meaning
PrintWords with meanings you figure out from text
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Vocabulary is NOT just…
Teaching Dolch wordsTeaching decodingGuessing the meaning of a word in a sentence
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Vocabulary affects comprehensionVocabulary knowledge is directly related to comprehensionDecoding is NOT enough, you must understand meaning to comprehend textFluent word recognition affects comprehension
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Words are learned…Explicit instruction
Constructing definitionsAnalyzing word structureExploring word relationships
Multiple exposures and examplesHigh reading volume
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Rarity and variety of words found in children’s books is greater than that found in adult conversation!
So read, read, read!!!!!
More words are learned through reading that from spoken language.
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Indirect learning of vocabularyListening to storiesTeacher’s language in the classroomActive participation better than passive
High student response rateReader’s theatre
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Activity- Think, Pair, ShareHow have you learned new words?
Are there any words you learned incorrectly? Why?
Raised birds “Highered the birds”“Zip” of coke sip
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Teaching vocabulary
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Least Effective Strategies
copying definitionswriting sentencesmemorizing definitions from a vocabulary study sheetasking students to use context for unknown words when there is little contextual support
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Most Effective Strategies
using explicit vocabulary instructionusing simple conceptual mapsteaching specific context cluesselecting Tier II words to teachincreasing independent readingdirectly teaching word learning strategiesconnecting new concepts/meanings to existing knowledge base
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Vocabulary instructionBefore reading
Pre-teach essential words (Tier II)
During readingRepeated exposure to wordsIncidental learning Interacting with rich text
After readingEnhance vocabulary through connections (graphic organizers, active involvement with words…)
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Vocabulary selectionTier 1, 2 and 3
Tier 1- Easy, decodable and already familiarConnected with prior knowledgeVery important for ELL and students with limited experiences
Tier 2- High frequency words necessary to understanding… GENERALIZABLETier 3- Others…may need for specific passages/themes, but not generally needed nor high frequency
(Beck & McKewon)
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Figurative language trap for ELLMy heart jumped with joy.It was a crisp fall day.Holy cow!I ate till I was stuffed.
More ? Tell you partner 2 more examplesThis requires explicit instruction!!!
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Partner Activity- Tier 1,2,3 SortWhich words would you choose to pre-teach? Why?
Lorita practiced her cartwheels in gymnastics class.
A caterpillar changes into a pupa before becoming a butterfly.
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Your turnCreate a group of 4 who have the same colored star as you (see back of packet)
Sort these vocabulary words into Tier 1,2,3Be prepared to share your thought process.Are we all in agreement. Why? Why not?
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Activity feedback
Warm -1Inpatient -2Burrow – 3
Marsh - 3Little - 1Convince – 2
Amusing -2Work – 1 Delilghted – 2
Moon – 1Huntsman – 3Happy - 1
Feast – 2Reign – 3Scurry – 2
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Continent -3Timid -2Appropriate – 2
Angry – 1Thicket -3Ship -1
Reluctant -2Story -1Bright -1
Glider -3Ear -1Exhausted – 2
Shawl- 3Clock -1Noble -3
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Two Types of Vocabulary Instruction
Teaching Specific Words
Word Learning Strategies
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Common Methods of Teaching Specific Words in Grades 2-8
Direct definitions
Analogies (word relationships)
Categorizing and classifying
Antonyms, synonyms, and homonyms
Semantic mapping
Feature analysis
Direct definitions
Analogies (word relationships)
Categorizing and classifying
Antonyms, synonyms, and homonyms
Semantic mapping
Feature analysis
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Categorizing & ClassifyingBreak up into 4 groups (about 15 folks)Decide how you might categorize these words.What different ways did you come up with?
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Sort the words
LionSealsSalmon
OstrichesTurtlesMan
DucksHorsesAlligators
VulturesDogsCars
OrcasBoatsCamels
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Categories Things man ridesWaterMammalsPredatorsEgg layersOthers?
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Synonyms, Antonyms,Abbreviations, Homonyms
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Synonym activity
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Antonym activity
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Synonym-antonym connection
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Abbreviation matching activity
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Homophone activity
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Sort activity
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Steps in Explicit Strategy InstructionI do it. We do it. You do it.
Direct explanation
Modeling
Guided practice
Feedback
Application
Direct explanation
Modeling
Guided practice
Feedback
ApplicationDickson, Collins, Simmons, and Kame’enui, 1998
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Teaching specific wordsPreparation
Select Tier 1,2,3 wordsOrder Tier 2 words
InstructionModel decoding strategiesTeach simple definitions Model structural analysis of Tier 2Model context clues in text Integrate multiple exposures
Follow-up- continual review
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Preparation Rodeo life is hard, dirty and dangerous work. Cowboys can fall off their bucking broncos and injure themselves. Ropers need to practice their lariat skills thousands of times. Bull riding is scary, risky business. Working in the rodeo is challenging life.
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1- hard, life, dirty… (add 3 more)2- risky, dangerous, injure…(add 3) 3- lariat (add more)
Teach: I do it.We do it.You do it.
Select Tier 1,2,3 words
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Tier 2 – You do it.Decodable strategy
Look at this wordSound it out
------Teacher does not pronounce vocabulary word…. Builds independence-----Hard means not easyWhat does hard mean everyone?Tell your partner what hard means.
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Tier 2- I do it. We do it. You do itNon-decodable/difficult words
Touch the word (or some cue)This word is dangerousSay it with me…. dangerousWhat word everyone….. DangerousDangerous means not safe. (You could say unsafe)What does dangerous mean? (not safe)Tell your partner what dangerous means.Use in a sentence.(Remember to link “risky” as a synonym)(Tier 3 is taught the same strategy.)
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Strategy- LOOP, LOOP, LOOPReading Big Words
(Look for word parts that you already know like prefixes and suffixes. Look for letter combinations that you already know, such as eaor th. Sound out and blend the syllables to say the word.)
Look at this word… What part? What part? What part? What word? (loop your finger under each part as cue)
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Is this a real word? If not can you change it to make a real word?Does it make sense?
(Teach definition same as for Tier 2)
Note: If the word is too challenging to sound out, teach it using I do it. We do it. You do it. Then go back to LOOP strategy
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Strategy in Action!fi/nal/lyfor/ma/tionun/for/get/ableim/per/fect
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Correction procedureAlways leave your students with the correct response!!!
See, hear, say and possibly write
That word is dangerous.What word?Dangerous means. (only if necessary)What does dangerous mean?
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Team activity-Teach Create a group of 4 with different colored stars.Select 4 words from the cowboy paragraph, create simple definitions and teach them to your team using the instructional format given. (1 word/person)
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ReviewWhy divide your word lists into decodable and necessary?
Why do we need to teach lots and lots of vocabulary through multiple exposures?
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Explicit Instructional FrameworkLook at this word…….Sound it out….What word?
______ means….. What does _____mean? Tell your partner what _________means.
Look at this word…. This word is_______Say it with me__________. What word?
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Correction- See, Hear, Say, WriteThat word is….What word…______ meansWhat does ______ mean?
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Examples and non-examplesStudents say or gesture… Yes on NoIt is dangerous to cross the street without looking. (Have students explain why it is or is not dangerous)When I ride on the sidewalk in my neighborhood it is dangerous. (Have students explain why or why not)
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Expanding meaningsLife has many meanings. It can be the time between when you are born and when you die.Can you think of other definitions for life?In our story, life means a way to live or someone’s business… So rodeo life means being in the rodeo business.Tell your partner what rodeo life means.
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Word why activity
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ScaffoldingTeachers need to:
Prepare and explicitly teach wordsUsing students’ knowledge and skills scaffold as little or as much as necessary to gain concept.
80-90% + 10-20% formula
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Next
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Steps for teaching vocabulary(p. 12 in packet)
Introduce word in contextProvide simple definitionUse in discussionDevelop relationships among words Record words in notebook
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Group activity- Packet pp. 12-13Create a group of 4 people Find the packet activity from Ant Each person:
Pick 2 Tier 2 words and prepare examples and non/examples, prepare discussion starters and develop any relationships among your words
Teach to your groupGroup members provide feedback
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Word-Learning StrategiesCommonly Taught
Context clues
Word structure
Syntactic clues
Context clues
Word structure
Syntactic clues
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Word-Learning Strategies
To promote large-scale long-term vocabulary growth, teachers must aim at increasing students’ incidental word learning.
Nagy, 1988
To promote large-scale long-term vocabulary growth, teachers must aim at increasing students’ incidental word learning.
Nagy, 1988
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Specific Word Instruction
Knowing a word is not an all-or-nothing proposition; it is not the case that one either knows or does not know a word. Rather, knowledge of a word should be viewed in terms of the extent or degree of knowledge that people possess.
Beck & McKeown, 1991
Knowing a word is not an all-or-nothing proposition; it is not the case that one either knows or does not know a word. Rather, knowledge of a word should be viewed in terms of the extent or degree of knowledge that people possess.
Beck & McKeown, 1991
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Context cluesTeach children how to find definitions of a word within a passage. Types: direct definition, restatements synonyms/antonyms,
The strong winds and heavy rain from the hurricane damaged many homes.A darkroom is a room for developing photographs that has very dim, special light and running water..
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Meaning in context activity
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Vocabulary in context- fill in blank
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Word structureDissecting words
Example:Independent- not dependentMeaningful- full of meaningDisorganize- not organized
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Some common prefixes-change meaning of word
Un- not Re- againDis- noPre- beforeAb- not Pro- in favor ofMis- wrong
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Some common suffixes- change how word is used
S- pluralNess- a state of being ( noun)Ist- one who ( noun)Est- the most ( adjective)Ful- full of ( adjective)Er- one who ( noun)Tion/sion-ion- state of ( noun)
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Multiple meaningsDefinition of word as it’s used in passagePresent
Gift- I got a present today.Right now- Newspapers write about the present.To give- I present you with an award.
ColdChilly - (Opposite of hot) -I put on my sweatshirt because I was cold.Runny nose and feeling sick- After my trip I got a cold.
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Multiple meaning vocabulary activity
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Your turn
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Activity in your curriculumMove to the defined curriculum sectionsCreate a group of 4 Complete your template.
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Suggested activitiesWord wallPrefix/suffix/base word treesVocabulary definition postersGame- Words of the week… Keep visual tallies of use of words during classBingoMatching Categorize/classify spin game
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Packet graphic organizersProvides visualsConcept maps
Vocabulary graphingWord mapWord questionsSemantic mapWord chart
Increases understanding and retention
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Graphic organizersVocabulary instructional example
word antonym
synonym
analogy
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Semantic Feature Analysis
xxsnake
xxraccoon
xwhale
Environment(land)
MammalReptile Term
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In Conclusion: Critical Features of Specific Word Instruction
Multiple exposures
Use synonyms and antonyms
Make up a novel sentence
Classify with other words
Direct definitions
Relate the definition to one's own experiencesBig Ideas in Beginning Reading, University of Oregon
Multiple exposures
Use synonyms and antonyms
Make up a novel sentence
Classify with other words
Direct definitions
Relate the definition to one's own experiencesBig Ideas in Beginning Reading, University of Oregon
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Indicator’s of Effective Instruction
Are the words for the selection posted with yes nostudent friendly definitions?
Is a word wall present in the classroom? yes no
Is the word wall and posted vocabulary yes noaccessible for student use?
Are word learning strategies posted? yes no
Does the teacher reference posted resources? yes no
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Observing Instruction~ Introduction of Words
Does the teacher use a DIRECT INSTRUCTION method to introduction new words? (Teach, Model, Practice, and Apply)Are the words chosen appropriate for instruction~Tier II?Does the teacher provide a variety of scaffolded examples to allow students to interact with the words?Does the teacher allow for whole group, active participation when interacting with the words?Is evidence of use of the language arts transparency apparent?Are students given activities for concept mapping?Do students show evidence of ‘understanding’ when interacting with the words?Does teacher assess word knowledge acquisition?
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The greatest danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we reach it.
Michelangelo
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Packet Activity:Groups of 3-4 Pick 8 wordsDivide into decodable and necessaryDefine- simple, easily understoodUse 2 in sentencesGive examples/non-examples for 2Expand on the meaning of 1 word