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Von Thünen Model
• Von Thünen Model –What farmers produce
varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town.
– Cost of transportation governs use of land.
– First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.
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Von Thünen
• Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) wrote Der Isolierte Staat (The Isolated State) which is the foundation of location theory.
• Noted how crops near Rostock, Germany changed with no change in soil-mapped the pattern
• With terrain, soils and rainfall the same he created the ringed-pattern
• Noted that transportation costs governed land use
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Von Thünen Model
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Application of Von Thünen Model
• Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China.Found:
- farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively
- methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.
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Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution)
• invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger.
- increased production of rice
- new varieties in wheat and corn
- reduced famines due to crop failure,
now most famines are due to
political problems
- impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest
where rice is produced
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Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita
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Opposition to Green Revolution
• Opposition argues Green Revolution
has led to:– vulnerability to pests– Soil erosion –Water shortages–Micronutrient deficiencies– Dependency on chemicals for production such as
pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers. – Increased foreign debt
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• Development of technology and dissemination was largely public or quasi-public sector, international agricultural research centers (IRACs)with R&D in millions of dollars.
• Plant breeders’ rights and patents generally not relevant.
• Increased monoculture and use of farm chemicals led to marginalization of small farmer, ecological degradation.
• From M. Kenney and F Buttel, “Biotechnology; Prospects and Dilemmas for the Third World Development.”
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The Next Stage: Bio-Revolution • Proprietary considerations: genes, cells, plants, animals
patentable as well as techniques to produce them• Affects potentially all crops; vegetables, fruits, etc.• Includes pesticides, animals products, pharmaceuticals,
processed food products, energy, mining, warfare.• Includes all areas, nations, locations, even marginal lands.• Technology is largely in private sector, especially
corporations; R&D in billions.• Tissue culture crop propagation produces exact genetic
copies; even more vulnerability• Crop substitution replacing Third World exports; herbicide
tolerance; increasing chemical use• Unintended consequence: Engineered organisms may
affect environment later in unknown ways.