Wade Price and Benjamin Pitfield
Intel’s 32-bit and 64-bit
Architectures
Monday 24th November 2014
IntroductionWhat will this presentation be covering?
Figure 1 – Presentation Structure
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Architecture
TermsWade
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Not too technical, I promise
Architecture
“Architecture specifies the functional behaviour of a processor.” (Blaauw et al. 1997 cited by Shen et al. 2005, p.5)
TermsWade
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Bits and Bytes
TermsBenjamin
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Bits and BytesWhat are they?
Click to edit picture
A bit is simply a 0 or 1− boolean value (false is 0 and true is 1)
A byte is an eight-bit word
Figure 2 – Half full or half empty?
TermsBenjamin
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Computing
TermsWade
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ComputingSomething you will probably need to know…
Instructions (technical term would be ‘instruction set’ when referring to a CPU)
Levels− High (e.g. C++, Java)− Low (e.g. Instruction sets, Assembly)
TermsWade
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Development
HistoryBenjamin
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DevelopmentMicroprocessors to Computers
The microprocessor is the fundamental precursor to a computer
CPUs have evolved hugely− Today they can process 32-bit and 64-
bit words
Figure 3 – Microprocessor (CPU World 2010)
HistoryBenjamin
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Transistors on Chips
Development
“The evolution of the microprocessor has pretty much followed the famed Moore’s law, observed by Gordon Moore in 1965, that the number of devices that can be integrated on a single piece of silicon will double roughly every 18 to 24 months.”
(Shen et al. 2005, p.2)Figure 4 – Evolution of Microprocessors (Shen et al. 2005,
p.2)
HistoryBenjamin
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Evolution
HistoryWade
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First to come; the Intel 4004 4-bit processor (1971)
Evolution
Figure 5 - Intel 4004 4-bit processor (CPU-Zone 2006)
HistoryWade
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Setting the standard; the Intel 8086 processor (1978)
Evolution
Figure 6 - Intel 8086 processor (Lanzet 2009)
HistoryWade
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Functionality
UsesBenjamin
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FunctionalityWhat can they do differently?
Greater word length means greater potential− Memory locations− Calculations
Greater depth later
UsesBenjamin
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Game Dev
UsesWade
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Finally, something fun!
Game DevUsesWade
Figure 7 – Case (800HighTech 2010)
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Hardware
HardwareBenjamin
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HardwareHow do the architectures affect the hardware?
Click to edit picture
Central Processing Unit− ‘brain’ of the computer− Executes the instructions
Main memory− Random Access Memory (RAM)− Volatile store
Figure 8a – CPU (Wasson 2009)Figure 8b - RAM
HardwareBenjamin
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Software and Hardware Relationship
Hardware
Figure 9 – Hardware and Software
HardwareBenjamin
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Intel
HardwareWade
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IntelNot to be confused with AMD
A couple fun facts…− Intel was founded in 1968− First processor (4004) released in 1971− $52.7bn 2013 net revenue with $1.89
earnings per share
One of the largest names in the industry
Figure 10 – Intel’s Logo (Intel 2014)
HardwareWade
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Joke
HardwareBenjamin
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JokeHilarious
32-bit architecture
HardwareBenjamin
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Kernel
SoftwareWade
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KernelA bridge from software to hardware
Kernels are important− ‘Middle man’ between the CPU and OS− Decides what the CPU does and when it
does it− Vary in design between each major OS
Figure 12 – Kernels (Lanzet 2009)
SoftwareWade
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(Arithmetic) Logic Unit
HardwareBenjamin
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(Arithmetic) Logic UnitHow does a 64-bit ALU differ from a 32-bit
ALU?
Click to edit picture
Arithmetic Logic Unit− where the actual calculations take place
within the CPU
For example;− Take the value in address location x− Take the value in address location y− Add them together− And store the result in address location
x
CPU
ALU
valueX = valueX + valueY
Figure 13 – ALU
HardwareBenjamin
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(Arithmetic) Logic UnitMemory size difference
Click to edit picture
32-bit architectures use 32-bit word lengths− 232 ≈ 4Gb for a memory address− So up to 4GB of RAM can be used
64-bit architectures use 64-bit word lengths− 264 ≈ 16Eb for a memory address− So up to 16EB of RAM can be used!
Put simply:− “More bits means our system can point
to or address a larger number of locations in physical memory” (Remah 2014)
Prefix Equivalent
Kilo K thousand 1,000
Mega M million 1,000,000
Giga G billion 1,000,000,000
Tera T trillion 1,000,000,000,000
Peta Pquadrillion
1,000,000,000,000,000
Exa E quintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Figure 14 – Binary Indexes (Walker 2007)
HardwareBenjamin
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(Arithmetic) Logic UnitCalculation size difference
32-bit architectures use 32-bit word lengths− 232 ≈ 4 billion
64-bit architectures use 64-bit word lengths− 264 ≈ 18 quintillion!
Put simply:− “More bits means that data can be
processed in larger chunks which also means more accurately.” (Remah 2014)
Figure 14 – Binary Indexes (Walker 2007)
HardwareBenjamin
Click to edit picture
Prefix Equivalent
Kilo K thousand 1,000
Mega M million 1,000,000
Giga G billion 1,000,000,000
Tera T trillion 1,000,000,000,000
Peta Pquadrillion
1,000,000,000,000,000
Exa E quintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000
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Memory
HardwareWade
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MemoryWhat is the role of RAM in the architectures?
Random Access Memory− Locations can be accessed (read from/written to) in any order− Data copied from secondary store (HDD/SSD) − For applications currently being executed
Volatile data store− Wiped when power is removed
HardwareWade
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Architecture influence on RAM
Memory
CPUMain
memorySecondary memory
Input Devices
Output Devices
RAM links the CPU to your secondary data store
As well as linking the input and output devices
Having a 64-bit processor architecture will have an immediate effect on the potential use of main memory
This will have positive implications for;− input processing− output processing− application execution Figure 15 –
Architecture Diagram
[Adapted] (Mattress
2014)
HardwareBenjamin
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Now, a warning…
SoftwareWade
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Operating System
SoftwareWade
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Operating SystemA look at how architecture can be a pain
32 bit operating systems are pretty awful− Needs 32 bit software− Can’t use 64 bit software
Regarding 32 bit software however…− Development is costly− Installation can be a pain− Some software isn’t written in 32 bit− Rarely beneficial
Figure 16 – Windows Logo (B Technologies 2014)
SoftwareWade
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Processor Type
HardwareBenjamin
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Floating Point Unit (FPU) processing chips
Processor Type
“In computing, floating point describes a method of representing an approximation to real numbers”(Selvarani et al. 2013, p.13)
HardwareBenjamin
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Quick Quiz
HardwareBenjamin
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Quick Quiz
Click to edit picture
The fundamental difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit architecture is…
A – faster internet connection speed
B – none, they are identical apart from speed
C – the amount of memory that can be used and calculation length ?
Figure 17c – CPU (BBC Bitesize 2014) Figure 17a – Network Connection (Sci Tech
Daily 2012) Figure 17b – Bus Speed (Build you own
computer 2014)
HardwareBenjamin
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Quick Quiz
Click to edit picture
The fundamental difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit architecture is…
A – faster internet connection speed
B – none, they are identical apart from speed
C – the amount of memory that can be used and calculation length
HardwareBenjamin
Figure 17c – CPU (BBC Bitesize 2014)
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Relative
HardwareBenjamin
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Intel relative to others
Relative
Click to edit picture
Figure 18b – AMD Logo (Hüüp 2014) Figure 18a – Intel Logo (Intel 2014)
HardwareBenjamin
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Speed
HardwareWade
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SpeedJust how fast can your CPU go?
HardwareWade
Figure 19 – Speedometer (ComputerHope 2014)
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Threads
SoftwareWade
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ThreadsNot the kind on a sweater!
Threads are integral to processors− A thread exists within a process− Newer technology uses multithreading− Many threads exist within a process through this− Hyper threading is exclusive to Intel architecture− Allows even more threads to exist
SoftwareWade
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Understanding (Conclusion)
ConclusionBenjamin
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Understanding (Conclusion)Summary of our presentation
− Computers process words (bits and bytes)− Development of the microprocessor has been exponential− Intel is the main manufacturer of CPUs− 64-bit word lengths offer much greater performance
ConclusionBenjamin
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Verdict
ConclusionWade
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VerdictWhich is better?
32-bit is significantly inferior− speed− memory allowance
Architecture for many years to come− 32-bit lasted 35 years
ConclusionWade
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Where next…
ConclusionWade
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Perhaps to the moon?
Where next…ConclusionWade
Figure 20 – Moon (Revera 2010)
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Extra big Thank you
ConclusionBenjamin
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Why move on to Z?
ConclusionBenjamin
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Because…Zat’s all
folks!
ConclusionBenjamin
ReferencesBenjamin Pitfield
BBC Bitesize, 2014. 24c90143ac1bad47f1454d1014c4f52ae4c78b07.jpeg [photograph]. London: BBC. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/computing/computer_systems/hardware/revision/1/ [Accessed 6 th November 2014].
Build Your Own Computer, 2014. computer-part01.gif [clip art]. No location: Voice Marketing Inc. Available from: http://www.build-your-own-computer.net/best-motherboard.html [Accessed 6th November 2014].
CPU World, 2010. S_Motorola-MC68LC040FE25A.jpeg [photograph]. No location: CPU World. Available from: http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/68040/ [Accessed 4th November 2014].
Hüüp, 2014. amd-logo-march-2009.jpeg [logo]. No location: Kiip. Available from: http://kiip.ee/amd-hakkab-ssd-kettaid-tootma/ [Accessed 16th November 2014].
Intel, 2014. GPLhINBv_400x400.png [logo]. No location: Twitter. Available from: https://www.twitter.com/intel [Accessed 16th November 2014].
Mattress, 2014. BlockDiagram.jpeg [diagram]. No location: Mattress. Available from: http://mattressessale.eu/tag/computer-block-diagram [Accessed 6th November 2014].
Remah, 2014. 32-bit and 64-bit explained [online]. Gizmo Tech. Available from: http://www.techsupportalert.com/content/32-bit-and-64-bit-explained.htm [Accessed 4th November 2014].
Sci Tech Daily, 2014. optical-memory-chip.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Sci Tech Daily. Available from: http://scitechdaily.com/optical-computer-memory-chips-could-ease-internet-traffic/ [Accessed 6th November 2014].
Selvarani, Selvaraju, Vijayraj, Jayaprakash and Baskar, 2013. Design and Implementation of Floating Point FFT Processor using VHDL [online]. 3 (3), 13.
Shen, J. P. and Lipasti, M. H., 2005. Modern Processor Design: Fundamentals of Superscalar Processors. Burr Ridge, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Walker, R., 2007. Binary indexes [online]. Simetric. Available from: http://www.simetric.co.uk/siprefix.htm [Accessed 5th November 2014].
Wasson, C., 2009. dual-pins.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Tech Report. Available from: http://techreport.com/review/16382/amd-socket-am3-phenom-ii-processors [Accessed 5th November 2014].
ReferencesWade Price
B Technologies, 2014. windows_flag-150x150.png [clip art]. Sydney, Australia: B Technologies. Available from: http://btechnologies.com/author/admin/ [Accessed 11th November 2014].
CPU-Zone, 2006. DSCF0494.jpeg [photograph]. Sweden: CPU-Zone. Available from: http://www.cpu-zone.com/4004.htm [Accessed 6th November 2014].
800HighTech, 2010. cyberpower-custom-built-gaming-pc-front.jpg [photograph]. USA: 800HighTech. Available from: http://www.800hightech.com/cyberpower-pc-gamer-aqua-glc1802-gaming-pc.html [Accessed 20th November 2014].
ComputerHope, 2014. speed.jpg [photograph]. No location: ComputerHope. Available from: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/clockspe.htm [Accessed 20th November 2014].
Intel, 2014. GPLhINBv_400x400.png [logo]. No location: Twitter. Available from: https://www.twitter.com/intel [Accessed 16th November 2014].
Lanzet, K., 2009. 800px-KL_Intel_D8086.jpeg [photograph]. No location: Wikipedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_Intel_D8086.jpg [Accessed 6th November 2014].
Revera, G., 2010. FullMoon2010.jpg [photograph]. No location: Wikipedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg [Accessed 20th November 2014].