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War and Society, 1914-1920
© 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.
Chapter 23Chapter 23
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Europe’s Descent into War
• First World War (1914-1918)• Archduke Franz Ferdinand• Triple Alliance• Triple Entente• All sides expect quick victory, all are
disappointed• Bloody trench warfare stalemate on
Western front
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American Neutrality
• Wilson—neither threatened vital American interest
• Edward M. House and Robert Lansing– Wilson’s pro-British advisors
• William Jennings Bryan– Against pro-British tilt
• Germany had no advocates in government
• British blockade of Germany– Violates American neutrality, Wilson protests
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Submarine Warfare
• Unterseeboot (U-boat)• Lusitania (May 1915)
– 1198 killed, 128 Americans– Germans had warned the passenger was a target
• Bryan resigns when Wilson refuses to criticize both British blockade and U-boats
• Sussex pledge (1916)• 1916 preparedness measures
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The Peace Movement
• Women’s Peace Party
• Carrie Chapman Catt
• Jane Addams
• Midwestern Progressives– Robert LaFollete, George Norris
• American Union Against Militarism
• German and Irish Americans
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Wilson’s Vision: “Peace without Victory”
• “He kept us out of war” campaign slogan
• League of Nations
• Wilson’s crucial elements of lasting peace:– Freedom of the seas– Disarmament– Democratic self-government– Security against aggression
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German Escalation
• Russia’s imminent collapse• Germany concentrates on Britain and
France– Renew U-boat war
• "Zimmerman telegram“• American declaration of war: “make the
world safe for democracy”
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American Intervention
• Russian revolution (1917)– Vladimir Lenin and Bolshevik Party
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)– Publication of secret Allied treaties
• German 1918 offensive• American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
– John J. Pershing
• Allied 1918 offensive• Armistice 11-11-1918
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Mobilizing for “Total” War
• Compared to Europe, the U.S. was spared most of the war’s ravages
• War’s effect on American society– Biggest campaign for U.S. since Civil War– Wilson asked for total commitment from U.S.
citizens• Conscription
• In army, agriculture, transportation, industry
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Organizing Industry
• Food Administration– Herbert Hoover
• U.S. Railroad Administration– William G. McAdoo
• U.S. economy did well in war overall
• War Industries Board– Bernard Baruch
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Organizing Civilian Labor
• Labor shortage
• “Great Migration”
• Labor movement– Union membership– Industrial democracy
• National War Labor Board (NWLB)– Taft and Gompers
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Occupations with Largest Increase in Women, 1910-1920
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Total Membership of American Trade Unions, 1900-1920
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Organizing Military Labor• Selective Service Act (1917)• African-Americans segregated and barred from
combat• IQ tests “prove” superiority of white Anglo-
Saxons– Also prove half of all men are mental age 13 or less
• Alvin York• 369th regiment
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Paying the Bills
• Raise income tax rates– Wealthiest hit hard, 67% top income tax rate– Corporations pay “excess profits tax”
• "Liberty Bonds"
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The First World War and the Federal Budget
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Arousing Patriotic Ardor
• Committee on Public Information (CPI)– George Creel
• Expand democracy at home– Labor and industrial democracy– Women’s suffrage
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Wartime Repression
• CRI anti-German propaganda• Liberty cabbage and liberty sandwiches
– (Sour kraut and hamburgers)
• Immigration Restriction Act (1917)• German Americans: object of hatred• Eighteenth Amendment: Prohibition, 1919 • Espionage, Sabotage and Sedition Acts• IWW• American Protective League
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The Failure of the International Peace
• Germany’s surrender, 1918
• Wilson goes to Versailles Conference
• All combatants publicly accept Wilson’s Fourteen Points basis for negotiation– Free trade and freedom of the seas– Dispute resolution through mediation– Self-determination for nations– League of Nations
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The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles
• Allies not committed to 14 Points– God gave us 10 commandments & we broke them,
Wilson gave us 14 points. We shall see”• Georges Clemenceau, France
– Vittorio Orlando, Italy walks out
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)– No free trade
– Partial self-determination
– Germany “war guilt” clause• lost land and paid reparations
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The League of Nations
• Wilson felt creation of League as most important point
• Would redeem failings of Versailles Conference
• Article X– Endowed the League with power to punish
aggressor nations via economic isolation and military retaliation
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Wilson versus Lodge: The Fight over Ratification
• Republicans win Senate majority in 1918
• “Irreconcilables"
• Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
• Constitutional question of Article X
• Desire of some to humiliate Wilson
• Pueblo, Colorado
• Treaty defeated
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The Treaty’s Final Defeat
• Wilson would not accept alterations of the Treaty
• Lodge version of the Treaty was put to vote again – and was defeated
• United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles– Legacy of Treaty’s defeat
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The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion
• Continued struggles between workers and employers
• Soldiers trying to reclaim livelihood vs. women, blacks, Hispanics who had been recruited to fill in
• Returning black veterans• Federal government moved to decentralize
power that had occurred during the War
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Labor-Capital Conflict
• Boston Police strike (1919)– Calvin Coolidge
• Steel strike (1919)
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Radicals and the Red Scare
• Radicalism sentiment on the rise in post-WWI labor movement
• “Red Scare”
• Russian Revolution splits U.S. Socialists
• "Palmer raids“
• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
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Racial Conflict and the Rise of Black Nationalism
• “New Negro”
• Frustrated ad disappointed African-Americans veterans
• Race riots
• Universal Negro Improvement Association – Marcus Garvey
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Conclusion
• Effects of war on the U.S. social fabric– Industrial workers, immigrants and radicals – Fear, intolerance, and repression resulted in
extreme class, ethnic, and racial tensions
• Collapse of the Progressive Movement
• Wilson’s dashed dreams for a new and democratic world order
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