Warm-Up 1/14/09
List your classes and what kind of a final you are having in that class.
Turn in warm-ups today.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram +, but does not hold dye well because of waxy outer coating
Bacillus/rod shaped
Clusters Antibiotics can kill it,
until it evolves
From PBS Evolution website Evolving Ideas, why does evolution matter
now?http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2
/e_s_6.html6 min
Escherichia coli
Gram negative
Clusters
Bacillum/Rod shaped
Can be killed by penecillin, unless resistant.
Clostridium perferigens
Gram positive Bacillus/rod shaped Single grouping
Can be killed by antibiotics
“Bacteria”
Prokaryoticrokaryotic cells Oldest living organisms Lack nuclei and other
organelles; have cell walls DNA is a circular fragment
called a plasmid
Prokaryotes = Two Kingdoms
Eubacteria- common bacteria living in and among humans; ex: E. coli
Archaebacteria- bacteria living in extreme conditions- volcanoes, ocean vents, mountain peaks, etc.;
Why Two Kingdoms?
Eubacteria have peptidoglycan (a carbohydrate) in their cells walls; Archaebacteria don’t.
DNA of archaebacteria is more like DNA of eukaryotes; they may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.
Classifying Prokaryotes…
Prokaryotes are organized into groups based on:ShapeMovementChemical make-up of cell wallsHow they get energy
Basic Shapes of Bacteria
1) spherical – coccus (cocci)
2)rod-shaped – bacillus (bacilli)
3) spiral – spirillum (spirilli)
Arrangements of Bacteria Staphylo – clusters Strepto – filaments or strings Diplo – two Colonies – groups of like bacteria growing
together (starting from a single bacterium) Lawn- bacterial colonies growing across a
surface. Ex: plaque on teeth
Chemical Make-Up of Cell Wall Defined by Gram stain Gram positive (+) = purple
Two layered cell wallSusceptible to antibiotics (produced by
bacteria)
Common Gram + bacteria are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, B. subtilis
Gram negative (-) = pink 3 layered cell wall Unaffected by many antibiotics
Important in determining treatment of disease
Common Gram – bacteria are E. coli and those that cause cholera and salmonella
How Bacteria Get Energy
Heterotrophs (get food from outside source) Autotrophs (make their own food)
- photoautotrophs use light energy (cyanobacteria are first to recolonize after a natural disaster)
- chemoautotrophs use chemicals found in environment (archaebacteria in deep sea vents use hydrogen sulfide gas)
Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw Choose a bacterial disease to read about
(E. coli, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Flesh Eating)
On notebook paper, answer the following questions:
What are the symptoms of the disease? How is the disease spread? How is the disease treated? What are the long-term effects of the disease? Any other interesting info. you find!
Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw In your group of four, take turns sharing
information about your disease In your group, read the ‘epidemic profiles’ In your group, write four short paragraphs
answering the following:Which epidemic should be addressed first?
second? third? fourth?Support your rankings with at least two pieces
of information from your readings