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WARM UP/ EQ
What are the five characteristics of a civilization?
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MesopotamiaFertile Crescent
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Geography
Fertile Crescent: Arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean
Mesopotamia: “land between the rivers”- Tigris and Euphrates flood yearly, leaving rich soil (Modern-day Iraq)
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Environmental challengesAround 3300 BC Sumerians begin farming MesopotamiaFloods are unpredictable,
sometimes no rainLand has no barriers to
invasionLand has few natural
resources- lacks building materials
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Solutions Build irrigation ditches to control water, produce crops
Build walled cities for defense
Trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials (stone, wood, metal)
Organization, leadership, and laws are beginning of civilization
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Sumerians Create City-States
City-state: independent political unit
By 3000 BC Sumerians have built city-states surrounded by fields of crops
Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur are largest
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Ziggurat
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Priests and Rulers
Early governments are controlled by priests
After 2500 BC, military leaders become rulers, establish dynasties.
Dynasty: Series of rulers from a single family
By 2500 BC, many new cities in F.Crescent- Sumerians exchange products and ideas with other cultures
Cultural diffusion: process of one culture spreading to others
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Religion
Polytheism: Belief in many different gods: this is what the Sumerians believe
Gods believed to control the forces of nature. They behave as humans do, but people are gods’ servants
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Culture
Sumerians have social classes- kings, landholders, priests at the top
Merchants next, slaves are lowest
Women have many rights- become priests, merchants, artisans
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Science/ Technology
Invent wheel, sail, plow, bronze
Develop arches, columns, ramps, pyramids
Study arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, chemistry, medicine
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Empire builders
Constant war from 3000 to 2000
Sargon from Akkad defeats Sumer around 2350, creates Empire: independent states under control of one leader
Lasts 200 years
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Babylonia
Amorites take control of region around 2000 BC, make Babylon the capital
Hammurabi- great leader (1792-1750) Code: Comprehensive code of laws for empire
282 laws cover all topics- Goal is for government to take responsibility for order and justice.
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Ishtar Gate