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Irrigation Design & Materials
Winter 2015
David C. Hilgers, ASLA, LEED-APSr. Project Manager, CBRE
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1. Introduction & Water Use
2. Basic Hydraulics
3. Irrigation Materials Intro
4. Irrigation Design Walkthrough
5. Pipe Sizing & Worst Case Zone
6. Irrigation Controllers
7. Legend & Construction Details
8. Construction Phase
Course Overview
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1. Design Project Overview
2. Pipe Sizing & Worst Case Zone
3. Irrigation Controllers
4. Legend & Construction Details
5. Construction Phase
6. Alternative Water & Rainwater Harvesting
Course Overview
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Landscape Architecture& Irrigation Design
Introduction
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Water Use & Conservation
U.S. SupplyShortages throughout U.S.
Climate change predicted to reduce supply
Price point of water
World Supply• 97% of water on earth is in oceans
• 3% of water on earth is fresh water
• Less than 1% of the water on earth is readily available for human use
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Source: USGS
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Washington Water Usage – Total Withdrawals
Source: USGS
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WASHINGTON WATER SOURCES
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Washington Water Usage – Public Supply
Source: USGS
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• Residential demand in U.S. averages more than 26 billion gallons per day
• 59% is devoted to outdoor use (US average).
• Peak demand in hot summer months can be 1.5 – 3.0
times higher than average demand.
Landscape Water Use
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Lawn Water Use Facts
• 80-90% of outdoor use goes to watering lawns and plants
• U.S. lawn obsession has resulted in significant water
consumption. - Las Vegas up to 70% of residential water use
• “America's biggest drinking problem isn't alcohol: It's lawn
watering.” Amy Vickers.
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Basic Water Hydraulics
Pressure, Velocity, and Flow
Weight of Water• Creates static pressure
Static Pressure• Pressure of water at rest (not moving, system off)
Dynamic Pressure• Pressure of water in motion (moving through system)
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Basic Water Hydraulics
Pressure• Force per unit area• Psi or feet of head
Velocity• Speed or rate of movement• Feet per second
Flow• Amount or discharge rate• Gallons per minute or hour (gpm or gph)
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Weight of Water
1 cubic ft of water = 62.37 lbs
weight creates pressure
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Shape or size of container does not effect pressure
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Basic Water Hydraulics
Static Pressure is created by elevation change or by a pump
200ft x 0.433 psi = 86.6 psi
86.6 psi x 2.31 = 200 ft of head
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Static Pressure Exercise
A (city line) = 111 psiB = 111 psiC = ? psiD = ? psi
E (meter) = 111 psiF = ? psiG = ? psi
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Static Pressure Exercise
A (city line) = 111 psiB = 111 psiC = 109.7 psiD = 109.7 psi
E (meter) = 109.7 psiF = 108.8 psiG = 108.36 psi
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Dynamic Pressure Exercise
Dynamic Pressure• static pressure + friction loss • Movement of water in pipes
Factors that affect friction loss• Velocity• Pipe diameter• Roughness of inside walls of pipe• Length of pipe
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Velocity change
Increase velocity increases friction loss
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Pipe diameter change
Decrease in pipe diameter increases friction loss
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Change in Pipe Roughness
Increase in pipe roughness increases friction loss
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Change in Length
Increase in pipe length increases friction loss
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Hazen-Williams Formula
Most common used formula for pressure loss in irrigation
Don’t worry!Charts are typically used for finding pressure loss in pipes
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Dynamic Pressure Loss Exercise
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Dynamic Pressure Loss Exercise
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Irrigation Design Overview
Where do I start?
Schematic walkthrough of system
Materials review
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Gather Site & System Information
Site Information• Vegetation to be irrigated• Soil type• Slope• Utilities• Obstructions
Water Source Information• Source type, single or multiple• Code and regulations• Static pressure at site
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What will be irrigated? Landscape Plan
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Or this?
Plant Types
Is it this?
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Soil Type and Intake Rates
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Soil Type and Intake Rates
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Utilities and Obstructions
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Site & System Information
Water Source
Where are you getting your water from?• City or public supply• Rainwater harvest tank• Pond or lake• Well
Items to know• Codes and regulations• Water quality• Static pressure at site / pump needed?
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Site & System Information
Codes & Regulations
• Typically found in landscape code section
• Be sure and check water code for other requirements
• City of Spokane example• Minimal code language and regulations
• City of Bellevue example• Significant code requirements
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Site & System Information
Codes & RegulationsSpokane
• Sections 17C.200.100 & 17C.200.110
• Automatic irrigation is required in public spaces
• Water conservation measures (section 110)
HydrozonesSoil amendmentsLawn controlsExisting vegetation retention
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Site & System Information
Codes & RegulationsBellevue
• Sections 20.20.520 - Landscape Code– Irrigation plan required
• Section 24.02.205 – Irrigation Water Budget Requirement
• Specific requirements and calculations
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Water Source / Point of Connection
Connecting to a water source
Typical Components
• Source / City supply line • Service tap• Meter (shared, deduct, isolated)• Backflow prevention• Flow sensor, master valve, quick coupler
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Point of Connection / Water Supply
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Seattle Parks POC
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Water Meter
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Backflow Prevention
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Point of Connection
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Master Valve Connection
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Sprinkler Head Types & Layout
Types of sprinkler heads• Pop-up spray head• Rotor head• Impact head
Selection & Layout Considerations• Vegetation type• Size of landscape bed• Precipitation rate• Soil type• Client desires• Codes and regulations
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Landscape Plan
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Pop-Up Spray Head
• Typically used in smaller spaces
• 5ft – 18ft throw radius
• 15 – 70 psi range
• 30 psi optimum
• High precipitation rates
• Wide selection of nozzles
• Most common sprinkler
• 4”, 6”, and 12” sizes
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Rotor Head
• Typically used in larger planting areas or lawns
• 17ft – 80ft throw radius
• 30 – 100 psi range
• 50 psi optimum
• Low precipitation rates
• Wide selection of nozzles and models
5”, 6”, and 10” sizes
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Head Layout
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Head Layout
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Head Layout & Precipitation Rate
1 gpm
2 gpm
4 gpm
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Head Layout & Precipitation Rate
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Head Layout & Precipitation Rate
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Head Layout & Precipitation Rate
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Creating Spray Head & Rotor Zones
Factors to consider when creating a zone
• Number of heads in zone (GPM cap)
• Valve location and size
• Mainline routing
• Landscape types and hydrozone considerations
• Calculate GPM (or GPH for drip)
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Creating Spray Head & Rotor Zones
GPM Cap
• Meter flow
• Mainline size
• Valve size
• What is the bottleneck that controls GPM per zone?
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Head Layout
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Creating Spray Head & Rotor Zones
Valves, Types, and Sizing
• Valve types
• Valve sizes (gpm cap)
• Valve location (on plan and in field)
• Station numbering
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Zone 1
Lateral layout
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Irrigation Demand & Water Budget
How do we determine water needs for site?• Vegetation type• Soil type• Irrigated area• Evapotranspiration rate• Irrigation efficiency
Water Budget Calculations• Required in California and other arid locations• City of Bellevue Example
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City of Bellevue Water Budget Calculations
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City of Bellevue Water Budget Calculations
Provided Evapotranspiration (ET) Rates
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
4351 SF of landscape area
IWB = ET x AF x LA x CFIWB = 14.49 x 0.8 x 4351 x 0.62
Where ET = 14.49 inAF = 0.8LA = 4351 sfCF = 0.62
IWB = 31,271 gallons
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City of Bellevue Water Budget Calculations
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
What is a Hydrozone?
• Planting areas with similar water demands
• Lawns and Turf
• Native areas
• Parking lots
• Shady areas
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
Compile Hydrozones
4351 SF of total landscape area
3 Hydrozones
HZ1 (Street frontage) = 2685 sfHZ2 (drip area) = 514 sfHZ3 (north building area) = 1152 sf
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
Hydrozone 1 Calculations
EWU = (ET x PF x HA x CF) / IE
WhereET = 14.49 inPF = ?HA = 2685 sfCF = 0.62 IE = ?
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City of Bellevue Water Budget Calculations
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Landscape Plan
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
Hydrozone 1 Calculations
EWU = (ET x PF x HA x CF) / IEEWU = (14.49 x 0.6 x 2685 x 0.62) / 0.625
WhereET = 14.49 inPF = 0.6HA = 2685 sfCF = 0.62 IE = 0.625
EWU (HZ1) = 23,157 gallons
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Aberdeen Starbucks Water Budget
Run Hydrozone 2 and Hydrozone 3 Calculations to get Site EWU.
HZ2 (drip area) = 514 sf HZ3 (north building area) = 1152 sf
EWU = (ET x PF x HA x CF) / IE
Site EWU = EWU1 (23,157) + EWU2 + EWU3
Site EWU must be less than IWB of 31,271 gallons
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Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation benefits and types
• Extremely efficient
• Low precipitation rates
• Commercial & Residential Grades
• Dripline and Drip tube
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Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation challenges
• Commercial applications – dripline tubing
• Exposed tubing, tripping hazard
• Leak detection, difficult to spot puncture
• Monitoring and Maintenance
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Drip Irrigation
Dripline with Emitters
• Irrigates at the source
• Extremely efficient
• Low precipitation rates
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Dripline Layout
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Dripline Layout
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Dripline Selection
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Dripline Selection
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Dripline Selection
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Dripline Selection
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Dripline Valve Kits
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Dripline Valve Kits
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Drip Irrigation
Drip Zone Calculations
Get total length of dripline in zone385 ft at Aberdeen site
Divide by emitter spacing to get # of emitters385’ / 1.5’ = 257
Multiply # of emitters by dripline GPH257 * .6 gph = 154.2 zone gph
Divide total by 60 to convert to minutes154.2 / 60 = 2.57 gpm
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Pipe Sizing & Worst Case Zone
• Showing pipe sizes for proper system function
• 5 feet per second rule
• Friction loss charts are our friends!
• Adjust pipe sizes as necessary to minimize cost
• Run pressure loss calculations on your worst zone
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Pipe Sizing Example
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Each Head is 5 GPM
Static pressure is 60 psi
Need 50 psi at each head to function
50’ spacing and lateral length
Use 5 FPS rule and size each lateral section
Start at mainline and work out
Pipe Sizing Example
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Pipe Sizing Example
20 GPM flow for first lateral section
Friction loss chart shows 1-1/4” meets 5 FPS rule
Friction loss is 1.51 psi per 100 ft
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15 GPM flow for first second lateral section
Friction loss chart shows 1” meets 5 FPS rule
Friction loss is 3.11 psi per 100 ft
Now at 57.74 psi
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Pipe Sizing Example
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Worst Case Zone
• Find valve with highest GPM
• Find valve farthest away from water source
• Calculate friction loss to the last head on zone
• Include pressure demand at head
• Compare to available pressure
• Does it work?
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Irrigation Controllers
• Selecting a Controller
• Locating the Controller
• Power & Wiring Requirements
• Central Controls
• Water Conservation Features– Cycle & Soak– ET based– Rain shut off device
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Irrigation Controllers
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Irrigation Controllers
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Irrigation Controllers
Locating the Controller on the Plan / Site
• Power Requirements
• Maintenance and Access
• Wire Routing and Distance
• Inside / Outside
• Client Preference
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Irrigation Controllers
Wiring Types and Sizes
• Wire gauge & distances
• Connections & Splicing
• Wire Routing and Distance
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Wire Sizing
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Finalizing a Design
• Legend & Notes
• Construction Details
• Re-visit code requirements
• Specifications
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Lessons Learned
• Be sure to coordinateArchitect, Landscape arch, civil, owner, contractor
• Know when you don’t know
• Power and controls, who does it?
• Contractor qualification
• Follow through, stay involved