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Waste Management
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Early Concepts of Waste Disposal
• Start of Industrial Revolution, the volume of waste produced in the US was relatively small.
• Factories located near water.
• Few factories and a sparse population
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Early Concepts of Waste Disposal
• As industrial and urban areas expanded, the concept became “concentrate and contain”
• People are facing a serious solid-waste disposal problem.
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Modern Trends
• Environmentally correct concept is to consider wastes as resources out of place.
• Industrial ecology
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Modern Trends
• Countries have moved to cut waste by imposing taxes.
• Waste to energy
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Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Ultimate objective of the three R’s is to reduce.
• The amount of refuse disposed of in landfills or incinerated can be reduced by at least 50%
• Reduction facilitated by
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Recycling of Human Waste
• The use of human waste or “night soil” on croplands is an ancient practice.
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Materials Management
• Futuristic waste management has the goal of zero production of waste.
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Composition of Solid Waste
• Paper is by far the most abundant content.
• Excavations into modern landfills using archeological tools
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Waste Reduction
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Waste Disposal
• Open Dumps
• Sanitary Landfills
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Site Selection
• A number of factors must be taken into consideration when selecting a site, including:
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How Pollutants Can Enter the Environment from Sanitary Landfills
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Federal Legislation for Sanitary Landfills
• Provisions of federal standards include the following:
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Ocean Dumping
• Oceans have long been dumping grounds for many types of waste, including industrial waste, construction debris, urban sewage, and plastics
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Ocean Dumping
• Marine pollution can have major impacts on people and society.