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Water Scarcity, Food Insecurity and Sub-optimal Health: Connecting the Dots for Central America
Noel W. Solomons, MDCenter for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM)Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Central America
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Contemporary Guatemalan Nutritional Situation
Acute Undernutrition (wasting)Chronic Undernutrition (stunting)Global Undernutrition (underweight)Micronutrient Deficiencies
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
Acute Water ShortageCase History for Corredor Seco 2009
Under-Utilization of Potable Water and Water in Cleansing, Sanitation and Hygiene
Biology of Retarded Early Growth
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ACUTE DROUGHT
ACUTE FOOD SHORTAGE
SEVERE MALNUTRITION
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The 2009 Hunger Outbreak in the Corredor Seco (Drought Swath)
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On-line Headlines
Drought aggravates food insecurity in Honduras and Guatemala
Christian SmetsGuatemala latest country to declare food crisis: nearly half a million families face food shortages
Jeremy HanceMillions Devastated by Deadly Drought In Guatemala
Nadia McGill
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Aspect of the Drought in 2009
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The Drought Scenario
In Guatemala, 75 per cent of the rural population live under the poverty line.In 2009, the worst drought in 30 years affected some 2.5 million people in Guatemala —roughly 20 per cent of the country’s population. . . . . . . . caused by the El Niño cyclical climatic phenomenon.
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Food ShortagesBasic staples of Eastern Guatemala
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Incident Malnutrition
Its (UN Humanitation Survey, Oct 2009) findings suggested that 11 per cent of the area’s children under five years of age and 23 per cent of women between 10 and 19 years old were severely or moderately undernourished.
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Malnourished Household
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Lessons Learned
The droughts in Guatemala cannot be prevented,but the process of desertification in south-eastGuatemala can be addressed.Reservoir storage for irrigation agriculture couldbe set in place, but resources for such investment would be hard to mobilize.Earlier and more rapid food assistance could be mobilized.Earlier and more skilled management of malnutrition cases can be assured.
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Potential Consequence Of Episodic Food Deprivation
Jerusha Nelson Peterman, RD, PhD, ParkeE. Wilde, PhD, Sidney Liang, MPA, Odilia I. Bermudez, PhD, MPH, Linda Silka, PhD, and Beatrice Lorge Rogers, PhDRelationship Between Past Food Deprivationand Current Dietary Practices and WeightStatus Among Cambodian Refugee Womenin Lowell, MA. American Journal of PublicHealth, 2009.
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Malnourishinging Household
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Guatemala has severe, endemic Chronic Malnutrition
Chronic MalnutritionIn 2005, 49% stunting in <5 yIn 2009, 43% stunting in <5 y
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Guatemala has severe, endemic Chronic Malnutrition
Less than 40% of the variance in the origin of stunting can be attributed to diet and nutrients.Growth faltering begins during the first 6 months of life, when exclusive breast-feeding should be the dietary option.
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The “Dirty Chicken” Phenomenon
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Environmental Sanitation andChronic Malnutrition
Solomons et al 1993The underprivileged, developing country child: environmental contamination and growth failure revisited. Nutr Rev 1993;51: 327-332.
Cannon, 2010. . . factors which make children short, and which also make them in some sense physically or mentally backward or even retarded.. . . include repeated infections and infestations, diets that are inadequate sources of energy even for small people, and also are poor or deficient in various micronutrients and other bioactivesubstances. They also include broader determinants of ill-healthsuch as unsafe water supplies, inadequate primary health care, poorschooling, and all the other manifestations of poverty and misery.
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Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill researchPanama Study Site
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Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
Cytokine Model of Height for Age Z Score(HAZ) in Preschool Children (n = 131)
Stepwise model included ln(Trichuris epg), # respiratory infections
in past month, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ
Irwin-Kristmanson 2009
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Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
Feta
lCro
wn-
rum
p le
ngth
(cm
)
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Uninfected Low dose High dose
a
ab
b
Odiere et al. 2010
SSham Low HighMaternal Infection Dose
Maternal High Dose Infection Decreased FETAL Crown-Rump Length
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Crown-Rump Length
Neonatal Bone
Development
Leptin
IGF-1
Growth Hormone
Hypothesis: maternal infection and PD
alter chemokines and hormones involved in bone formation, resulting in impaired
neonatal skeletal development
Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Sham Infected Sham Infected
Leptin (p
g/ml)
Combined Protein Deficiency and Infection Reduced Leptin in Pup Serum at Day 14 PP
PS PD*a a
a
b
Odiere et al. in press J Nutrition
Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
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Infection
Protein Deficiency
Crown-Rump Length
Leptin
IGF-1
-ve
-ve -ve
Evidence Supporting Role in This Pathway
Growth Hormone
Neonatal Bone
Development
Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
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Crown-Rump Length
Leptin
IGF-1 IL-1B
Evidence Supporting Role in This Pathway
GC’s
Infection
Protein Deficiency
+ve
+ve
Growth Hormone
Neonatal Bone
Development
Environmental Sanitation and Chronic Malnutrition, contribution from McGill research
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Malnutrition and Health: Availability and Use of Clean Water
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Malnutrition and Health: Availability and Use of Clean Water
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Water Scarcity, Food Insecurity and Sub-optimal Health: Connecting the Dots
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THANK YOU