Download - Water, Water, Everywhere? Anuradha Koratkar, Susan Hoban, Albert Hill, and Brendan Shaughnessy
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Water, Water, Everywhere?
Anuradha Koratkar,
Susan Hoban,
Albert Hill, and
Brendan Shaughnessy
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Water is the driver of Nature. - Leonardo da Vinci
Let us brainstorm the importance of water to life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Water is a necessity for every form of life known
Does anyone have any other suggestion?
Use the chat to respond, or *6 on your telephone
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Importance of water to life
• Water to drink; we need to stay hydrated to remain alive; we are 55 – 75% water!
• Solar energy converted by plants; water is the catalyst that helps plants grow.
• Water vapor in the atmosphere traps radiation and warms up the Earth.
• Earth’s oceans affect climate and store heat.
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Importance of water in space exploration
• Water to drink.
• Water to grow plants.
• Water can be broken apart to make air (oxygen) and rocket fuel (oxygen + hydrogen).
• Water for protection.
• Water is heavy, too expensive to carry.
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Where can we find water?
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Water in the solar system - Comets
• Detected in comet’s tails.
• Up to 80% can be water ice.
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• Indications that water once flowed on the surface.
• Much of the water may exist as subsurface ice.
Water in the solar system - Mars
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Water in the solar system - Mars
• Polar ice caps are mostly frozen carbon di-oxide and trace amounts of water.
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Water in the solar system – Europa and Ganymede
• Cracked surface with many fissures
• There may actually be a liquid ocean under the ice!
Europa
Ganymede
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Why is water unusual?
• Earth is the only known location in the solar system where liquid water exists.
• All three states of water are found on Earth.
• Solid form, ice, is less dense than the liquid form.
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Water in the Earth-Moon System
• Comets and asteroids may have provided all the water on Earth.
• The Earth and Moon are about the same distance from the Sun.
• The Earth has plenty of evidence for water in all states.
• We do not see such evidence on the Moon.
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Why is water not abundant on the Moon? 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Temperature and distance
• Temperature of a planet depends on– Distance from
the Sun– The greenhouse
effect
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars Jupiter
SaturnUranus
Neptune
Pluto
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Phase diagrams
Pressure
Temperature
1 atm
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Phase Diagram for Water
1 atm
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Pressure
Temperature (C)0 100
T
C
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Facts about the Moon• The temperature on the Moon is expected to
be -20 degrees C because of its distance from the Sun.
• A “day” on the Moon is 14 Earth days
– The recorded temperatures are -233 degrees C (night-time) and 123 degrees C (day-time)
– Gas can be heated to high temperatures
• The Moon is smaller than the Earth.
– One-sixth the gravity so gas can escape
– Moon has no atmosphere
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Poll Question
What can you say about water if we put all these facts
together?
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Can there be ice on the Moon?
• Comets and asteroids could have left water on the Moon – just like on Earth
• Effects of temperature and pressure implies water sublimates in sunlight and drifts off into space.
• But the Moon has deep cold craters where sunlight cannot reach!– Water may exist in such places as frozen
ice
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There are many craters near the poles that are permanently shadowed
South Pole North Pole
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What is the evidence for ice on the Moon?
• Lunar Prospector shows enhancement of H, indicating possible presence of ice
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What is the evidence for ice on the Moon?
Lunar Prospector and Clementine:
• Signs of ice in shadowed craters near the moon's poles--perhaps as much as a cubic kilometer.
• Radio and optical observations of crash site show no water.
• There is NO conclusive evidence.
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The search for ice on the Moon• Search permanently shadowed
craters at the Moon's poles
• Detect ice crystals in lunar soil
• Map the temperature of the Moon
• Search for regions that could have hydrogen-bearing compounds like water
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If you have any questions let us discuss them on the discussion listserv. Flavio will send everyone a link in case you are not
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For those of you working on earning two credits, there is homework. Flavio will send you a message with a link to it.Please send it in by 21st Nov. 2006
See you at the next session which will be Radiation: Can’t live with it, can’t live
without it!