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WavesWaves
Chapters 10 & 12Chapters 10 & 12
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The Nature of WavesThe Nature of Waves
Chapter 10 Sections 1 & 2Chapter 10 Sections 1 & 2
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What is a wave?What is a wave?
• Def:Def: a repeating movement that transfers a repeating movement that transfers energy through matterenergy through matter
• Types of waves:Types of waves:• TransverseTransverse: matter (up/down) moves at right : matter (up/down) moves at right
angles with the wave (left/right)angles with the wave (left/right)
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Other TypesOther Types
• Compressional:Compressional: matter moves in the matter moves in the same direction as wavesame direction as wave
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Parts of a Transverse WaveParts of a Transverse Wave
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Parts of a Compressional Parts of a Compressional WaveWave
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Wave PropertiesWave Properties
• Wavelength:Wavelength: distance between one distance between one point on a wave an the next just like point on a wave an the next just like itit
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Wave PropertiesWave Properties
• Frequency:Frequency: number of wavelengths number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each secondthat pass a fixed point each second
• Count the # of crests or the # of Count the # of crests or the # of compressionscompressions
• Unit: Hertz (Hz) = 1/s = sUnit: Hertz (Hz) = 1/s = s-1-1
• Period:Period: amount of time it takes one amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass Unit: secondwavelength to pass Unit: second
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Wavelength vs. FrequencyWavelength vs. Frequency
• Long wavelength = low frequencyLong wavelength = low frequency
• Inversely related: one is up the other Inversely related: one is up the other is downis down
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Wave SpeedWave Speed
• Depends on the medium it is Depends on the medium it is traveling throughtraveling through
• Sounds: faster in liquids and solids or Sounds: faster in liquids and solids or warmer airwarmer air
• Light: slower in liquids and solidsLight: slower in liquids and solids
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Calculating Wave SpeedCalculating Wave Speed
speed(m/speed(m/s)=frequency(Hz)xwavelength(m)s)=frequency(Hz)xwavelength(m)
c = c = v v
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CalculationsCalculations
• A wave has a frequency of 500.0 Hz A wave has a frequency of 500.0 Hz and a wavelength of 3.0m. What is and a wavelength of 3.0m. What is the speed of wave?the speed of wave?
• What is the wavelength of a wave What is the wavelength of a wave that has a frequency of 20.0 Hz and that has a frequency of 20.0 Hz and a speed of 340 m/s?a speed of 340 m/s?
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Amplitude and EnergyAmplitude and Energy
• Amplitude:Amplitude: related to the energy related to the energy carried by the wavecarried by the wave
• High amplitude = High energyHigh amplitude = High energy
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Amplitude and EnergyAmplitude and Energy
• Compressional Amplitude Compressional Amplitude denser denser the compressions = higher amplitudethe compressions = higher amplitude
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The Behavior of WavesThe Behavior of Waves
Chapter 10 Section 3Chapter 10 Section 3
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ReflectionReflection
• A wave strikes an object and A wave strikes an object and bounces backbounces back
• All waves can reflectAll waves can reflect
• Echoes – sounds wavesEchoes – sounds waves
reflectingreflecting
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Law of ReflectionLaw of Reflection
• Incidence beam Incidence beam and reflected beamand reflected beam
• Normal line – Normal line – perpendicular to perpendicular to mirrormirror
• Def:Def: angle of iangle of i and and angle of rangle of r are are equalequal
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RefractionRefraction
• Light travels at Light travels at different speeds in different speeds in different mediumsdifferent mediums
• Change speed – Change speed – change anglechange angle
• Def:Def: bending of a bending of a wave caused by wave caused by change in speed change in speed from one medium from one medium to anotherto another
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RefractionRefraction
• Slower Slower in water – in water – bends towardsbends towards normalnormal
• FasterFaster in air – in air – bends awaybends away from from normalnormal
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RefractionRefraction
• Objects in water Objects in water are are fartherfarther than than they appear!they appear!
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DiffractionDiffraction
• Def:Def: object causes a wave to change object causes a wave to change direction and bend around itdirection and bend around it
• Diffraction – around an objectDiffraction – around an object
• Refraction – through an objectRefraction – through an object
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How much Diffraction?How much Diffraction?
• Obstacle smaller than wavelength – waves Obstacle smaller than wavelength – waves bendbend
• Obstacle larger than wavelength – waves Obstacle larger than wavelength – waves not affected muchnot affected much
• Hear sounds from room before see light Hear sounds from room before see light from roomfrom room
• Sound waves close to size of door – bend Sound waves close to size of door – bend around dooraround door
• Light – too small doesn’t diffract and bendLight – too small doesn’t diffract and bend
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Diffraction of Radio WavesDiffraction of Radio Waves
• AM – longer waves – diffracted much AM – longer waves – diffracted much easier – travel farther distanceseasier – travel farther distances
• FM – smaller waves – aren’t affected FM – smaller waves – aren’t affected as much – don’t go as faras much – don’t go as far
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InterferenceInterference
• Def:Def: when two or more waves combine when two or more waves combine and form a new waveand form a new wave
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Constructive InterferenceConstructive Interference
• Waves ADD together – crests arrive at Waves ADD together – crests arrive at same place at same timesame place at same time
• Amplitude = sum of twoAmplitude = sum of two
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Destructive InterferenceDestructive Interference
• Waves SUBTRACT each other – one crest Waves SUBTRACT each other – one crest meets with one troughmeets with one trough
• Amplitude – difference of twoAmplitude – difference of two
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Standing WavesStanding Waves
• Def:Def: wave pattern when waves of wave pattern when waves of same wavelength and amplitude same wavelength and amplitude meet from opposite directionsmeet from opposite directions
• Crest/Crest = amplitude Crest/Crest = amplitude Crest/Trough = nodeCrest/Trough = node
• Wave “stands still” because it Wave “stands still” because it appears to not move - vibratesappears to not move - vibrates
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ResonanceResonance
• Objects have own natural frequenciesObjects have own natural frequencies
• Depends on size, shape, material, etc.Depends on size, shape, material, etc.
• Def:Def: object is made to vibrate by object is made to vibrate by absorbing at its natural frequencyabsorbing at its natural frequency
• Object absorbs more energy – higher Object absorbs more energy – higher amplitude – could break apartamplitude – could break apart
• Tacoma Narrows BridgeTacoma Narrows Bridge
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Chapter 12 Section 2Chapter 12 Section 2
Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
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What are Electromagnetic (EM) What are Electromagnetic (EM) Waves?Waves?
• Def: Def: vibrating electric charges and vibrating electric charges and can travel through space with no can travel through space with no mattermatter
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Range of FrequenciesRange of Frequencies
• EM waves have WIDE range of EM waves have WIDE range of frequenciesfrequencies
• The range = Electromagnetic SpectrumThe range = Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Radio WavesRadio Waves
• All around you – can’t see or hear All around you – can’t see or hear themthem
• Sound = compressional waveSound = compressional wave
• Radio = transverseRadio = transverse
• Radio:Radio: wavelengths 1 mm or longer wavelengths 1 mm or longer
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Microwaves – Type of Radio Microwaves – Type of Radio WaveWave• Def:Def: wavelengths less than 1m wavelengths less than 1m• Wavelengths of 1cm – 10cm used for cell phones Wavelengths of 1cm – 10cm used for cell phones
and satellitesand satellites• Microwave ovens?Microwave ovens?• Vibrate water molecules – friction = thermal energyVibrate water molecules – friction = thermal energy
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RadarRadar
• RaRadio dio ddetecting etecting aand nd rranginganging
• Send radio wave and measure how Send radio wave and measure how long it takes to bounce back – long it takes to bounce back – location is found location is found
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)(MRI)• Developed in 1980sDeveloped in 1980s• Cylinder – powerful magnet, radio wave emitter and detectorCylinder – powerful magnet, radio wave emitter and detector• pp++ in H atom align to magnet in H atom align to magnet• Radio waves cause pRadio waves cause p++ to flip to flip• Flipping releases radiant energyFlipping releases radiant energy• Radio detector reads energy – maps your insidesRadio detector reads energy – maps your insides
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Infrared WavesInfrared Waves
• Warmth – transmitted by IR wavesWarmth – transmitted by IR waves
• Def:Def: wavelengths 1mm – 750 wavelengths 1mm – 750 billionths of meterbillionths of meter
• Remotes for TVs – computers reading Remotes for TVs – computers reading CD-ROMSCD-ROMS
• Hotter objects – shorter wavelengths Hotter objects – shorter wavelengths – IR imaging– IR imaging
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Visible LightVisible Light
• ROY G BIVROY G BIV• Only form can detect with eyes (rods Only form can detect with eyes (rods
and cones)and cones)• Def:Def: wavelengths 750 billionths to 400 wavelengths 750 billionths to 400
billionths of meterbillionths of meter• Eyes pick up different wavelengths = Eyes pick up different wavelengths =
colorcolor• Red – long waveRed – long wave• Violet – short waveViolet – short wave
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Ultraviolet WavesUltraviolet Waves
• Def:Def: wavelengths 400 billionths to 10 wavelengths 400 billionths to 10 billionths of a meterbillionths of a meter
• Bad = enter skin cells = wrinkles or Bad = enter skin cells = wrinkles or cancercancer
• UVA – longer waves than UVB (sunburn)UVA – longer waves than UVB (sunburn)
• Good = allows body to make vitamin DGood = allows body to make vitamin D
• Good = kills bacteria – damage cells = Good = kills bacteria – damage cells = deathdeath
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Ozone LayerOzone Layer
• Ozone = OOzone = O33
• Constantly formed Constantly formed and destroyed by and destroyed by UV wavesUV waves
• Destroyed by CFCs Destroyed by CFCs – 1 Chlorine atom – 1 Chlorine atom can destroy can destroy thousands of Othousands of O33
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X-rays and Gamma RaysX-rays and Gamma Rays
• Smallest wavelengths highest frequenciesSmallest wavelengths highest frequencies• X-raysX-rays: wavelengths of 10 billionths to ten : wavelengths of 10 billionths to ten
trillionths of a metertrillionths of a meter• Images of bones, bags in airportImages of bones, bags in airport• Gamma Rays:Gamma Rays: wavelengths shorter than wavelengths shorter than
10 trillionths of a meter10 trillionths of a meter• Produced in nuclei of atomsProduced in nuclei of atoms• X-rays and Gamma Rays used in radiation X-rays and Gamma Rays used in radiation
therapy – kill healthy and diseased cellstherapy – kill healthy and diseased cells
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Chapter 12 Section 3Chapter 12 Section 3
Radio CommunicationRadio Communication
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Radio TransmissionRadio Transmission
• Radio waves vibrate eRadio waves vibrate e-- in radio in radio antenna.antenna.
• EE-- produce electric current carries info produce electric current carries info
• Amplifier boost current and sends to Amplifier boost current and sends to speakers to vibrate speakers to vibrate ears ears brain brain
• Each station = certain frequency = Each station = certain frequency = carrier wavecarrier wave
• Carrier wave is modified to send infoCarrier wave is modified to send info
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AM radioAM radio
• AM varies the AM varies the amplitude of amplitude of carrier wave – carrier wave – AAmplitude mplitude MModulationodulation
• Changing amp – Changing amp – speakers vibratespeakers vibrate
• 540,000 – 540,000 – 1,600,000 Hz1,600,000 Hz
• Measured in kHzMeasured in kHz
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FM RadioFM Radio
• FM varies the FM varies the frequency of carrier frequency of carrier wave – wave – FFrequency requency MModulationodulation
• Strength is constant Strength is constant = clearer sound= clearer sound
• 88 mil – 108 mil88 mil – 108 mil
• Measured in MHzMeasured in MHz
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Frequency UsageFrequency Usage
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TelevisionTelevision
• Radio and TV both use carrier wavesRadio and TV both use carrier waves
• Audio – FM signal Pics – AM signalAudio – FM signal Pics – AM signal
• Pictures formed by Pictures formed by cathode-ray cathode-ray tubetube – sealed vacuumed tube with 1 – sealed vacuumed tube with 1 or more beams of eor more beams of e-- produced produced
• Color TV – 3 beams of eColor TV – 3 beams of e-- directed at directed at screen with magnetic fieldscreen with magnetic field
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TelevisionTelevision
• Screen has over 100,000 rectangular spots that Screen has over 100,000 rectangular spots that glow red, green or blue when struckglow red, green or blue when struck
• Makes image when 3 beams sweep over screen Makes image when 3 beams sweep over screen – control color and brightness of each spot– control color and brightness of each spot
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TelephonesTelephones
• Sound waves in microphone Sound waves in microphone electrical signal (radio wave)electrical signal (radio wave) microwave towermicrowave tower
• Cell phoneCell phone uses one signal to send uses one signal to send info another signal to receiveinfo another signal to receive
• Each base covers cell – move from Each base covers cell – move from cell to cell – automatically transfers cell to cell – automatically transfers signalsignal
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Cordless PhonesCordless Phones
• TransceiverTransceiver – transmits one signal – transmits one signal and receives another from a base and receives another from a base unitunit
• Using dif frequencies allows you to Using dif frequencies allows you to talk and listen at the same timetalk and listen at the same time
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SatellitesSatellites
• Satellite Telephones – can make calls Satellite Telephones – can make calls over the worldover the world
• Phone – satellite – ground station – Phone – satellite – ground station – phonephone
• Long delaysLong delays• Satellite TV – high frequency Satellite TV – high frequency
microwaves rather than radio wavesmicrowaves rather than radio waves• Why are dishes curved?Why are dishes curved?• To direct waves to antennaTo direct waves to antenna
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Global Positioning System Global Positioning System (GPS)(GPS)
• Def:Def: satellites, ground stations, and satellites, ground stations, and receivers give your exact locationreceivers give your exact location
• Satellites owned by US Dept. of Satellites owned by US Dept. of Defense – signals used by anyoneDefense – signals used by anyone