Download - WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop
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WCDMA Introductionand Planning workshop
Ramneek Singh Bali
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Agenda• WCDMA theory
– WCDMA Concepts– Spreading– WCDMA Channels– Cell Breathing– Design priorities
• WCDMA Planning and dimensioning– Overview & Requirements– Link budgets– Planning for Coverage and Capacity– Hardware Dimensioning– HSDPA Introduction– HSDPA Dimensioning
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Multiple Access Approaches����������������� �� ��������
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• Separate users through different codes
• Large bandwidth
• Continuous transmission and reception
f
Code
t
MS 1MS 2MS 3
5 MHz
Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
• IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
• CDMA2000 (3.75 MHz)
• WCDMA (5 MHz)
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Frequency re-use
TDMA / FDMA
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
7
12
34
56
712
34
56
7
Averagere-use=7
re-use=1
W-CDMA
1
11
11
1
1
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Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Features
• High data rates in 5 MHz – 384 kbps with wide-area coverage
• High service flexibility – support for services with variable rate – Support for simultaneous services – packet and circuit switched services
• The wide bandwidth reduces sensitivity to muti-path fading• Common shared resource that makes WCDMA RAN flexible• Allocates power to each subscriber and ensures that each user and
service creates the minimum of interference
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Radio Access Bearer
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Mapping Of Applications to RAB ( Examples)
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Spreading principle• User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code
•The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
•The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
•The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the • air interface
Information signal
Spreading signal
Transmission signal
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Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
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�=Rate DataRate Code
Both signals combinedin the air interface
Code 1Frequency
Am
pli
tude
Signal 1
Code 2Frequency
Am
pli
tude
Signal 2
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Code 1 Signal 1 is reconstructedSignal 2 looks like noise
Both signals arereceived together
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Two Transmitters at the same frequency
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Spreading & Scrambling• Spreading Operation transforms data symbols
into chips. Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the “Spreading Factor”����SF����.The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code.
• Scrambling Operation is applied to the spreading signal.
Data bit
OVSF code
Scrambling code
Chips after
spreading
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Spreading Factor Tree
Designation: cch, SF , code number
1
1 -1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
C1,0
C2,0
C2,1
C4,0
C4,1
C4,2
C4,3
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
3GPP TS 25.2013GPP TS 25.201
Downlink = SF 4 ----------------> SF 512
Uplink= SF 4 -----------> 256
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Spreading ExampleSymbols are spread to the chip rate by Channelization Code
Spreading Factor (SF) = Chip Rate/Symbol rate
1 -1 1 1 -1Symbols
@960 ksps
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1chips
SF=4
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1-1
1x -1=- 1
1
1x 1= 1
-1
1x -1=- 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1x 1= -1
-1x -1= 1
-1x 1= -1
-1x -1= 1
Result 1
1x 1= 1
X
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Code Channels
Freq. 1
Freq. 1
Code A
Code B
Cod
e C
BS1
BS2
Code D
Code E
• Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different carrier frequencies may be used).
• signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
• CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference (ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)
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Scrambling Codes
SC3 SC4
SC5 SC6
SC1 SC1
Cell “1” transmits using SC1
SC2 SC2
Cell “2” transmits using SC2
� In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned by operator – SC planning)
� In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)
Uplink: 16,777,216 Scrambling codes used to distinguish each UE Downlink: 512 Scrambling codes used to distinguish each cell
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Channelization Codes
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� In the Uplink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control) channels from the same UE
� In the Downlink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control) channels coming from the same RBS
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Soft/Softer Handover• Soft/softer handover is important mobility of UE, Subscriber Quality and for
efficient power control.
• Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time• Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same RBS
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Physical Channel
Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec
1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec
3GPP TS 25.2113GPP TS 25.211
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14 480 240 16 320 56 232 8 8* 16 1514A 480 240 16 320 56 224 8 16* 16 8-1414B 960 480 8 640 112 464 16 16* 32 8-1415 960 480 8 640 120 488 8 8* 16 15
15A 960 480 8 640 120 480 8 16* 16 8-1415B 1920 960 4 1280 240 976 16 16* 32 8-1416 1920 960 4 1280 248 1000 8 8* 16 15
16A 1920 960 4 1280 248 992 8 16* 16 8-14
D PD C HB its /S lot
D PC C HB its/S lo t
S lo tForm at
#i
C hannelB it R ate(kbps)
C hannelS ym bol
R ate(ksps)
SF B its /S lot
N D ata1 N D ata2 N T PC N TFCI N Pilot
T ransm ittedslo ts per
rad io fram eN T r
0 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 150A 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 8-140B 30 15 256 20 0 8 4 0 8 8-141 15 7.5 512 10 0 2 2 2 4 15
1B 30 15 256 20 0 4 4 4 8 8-142 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 15
2A 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 8-142B 60 30 128 40 4 28 4 0 4 8-143 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 2 2 15
3A 30 15 256 20 2 10 2 4 2 8-143B 60 30 128 40 4 24 4 4 4 8-14
3GPP TS 25.2113GPP TS 25.211
Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH Format
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• 3GPP protocol defined WCDMA radio interface into three channels: Physical, transport and logical channel.
Logical channel: Logical channels can either belong to a specific mobile (dedicated channels) or shared access among many mobile stations (common channels).
Transport channel: Exists between radio interface layer 2 and physical layer. Describes services provided by physical layer for MAC and higher layer.
Physical channel: It is the embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each channel that uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase can be regarded as a dedicated channel.
Channel Concepts
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• Control logical Channels– BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel, DL)
• Continuous transmission of system and cell information– PCCH (Paging Control Channel, DL)
• Carries control information to UE when location is unknown– CCCH (Common Control Channel, UL/DL)
• used for transmitting control information between the network and UE
– DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel, UL/DL)• transmits dedicated control information between network and
UE. • Traffic Logical Channels
– CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)• Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEsUsed for
BLER measurements– DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
• Traffic channel dedicated to one UE to transfer user information
Logical Channels
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Transport Channels - Downlink
• Common Transport Channels– BCH (Broadcast Channel)
• Continuous transmission of system and cell information
– PCH (Paging Channel)• Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
– FACH (Forward Access Channel)• Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
• Dedicated Transport Channels– DCH (Dedicated Channel)
• Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE• Used for BLER measurements
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Transport Channels (L2) - Uplink
• Common Transport Channels– RACH Random Access Channel
• Carries access requests, control information, short data
• Dedicated Transport Channels– DCH Dedicated Channel
• Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE• Used for BLER measurements
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Physical Channels - Downlink• Common physical Channels
– CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)• used for cell identification and there is only one CPICH per cell.
– SCH (Synchronization Channel)• used by the UE to detect the presence of WCDMA carrier and
synchronize with radio frame– PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
• broadcasts cell site information and Carries BCH transport channel
– SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)• carries idle mode signaling and control information to UE’s. Also
carries PCH and FACCH channels– PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
• used by the cell to inform a group of UE’s that a page message can be addressed to them. It is always associated with SCCPCH
– AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)• Physical channels used by the cell to acknowledge the
reception of RACH preambles.
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Physical Channels - Downlink
• Downlink Dedicated Control Channels (DPCH):Within one Downlink DPCH, data and control information generated are transmitted in a time-multiplexed manner The channel consists of:
• DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)• It is a physical channel used to carry DCH.
• DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)• It is a physical channel used for carrying
information related to physical layer operation e.g. dedicated pilot or power control bits.
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Physical Channels - Uplink
• Common Physical Channels– PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
• Carries access requests and carries RACH
• Dedicated Physical Channels– DPDCH Dedicated physical data Channel
• Carries dedicated traffic data (DCH)
– DPCCH Dedicated physical data Channel• Carries control information related to physical layer operation
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WCDMA Physical Channels
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P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical ChannelSCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels
PICH - Page Indicator Channel
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels
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{XOR}
Transport Channels
(L1 Characteristics
Dependent)
PCH BCH FACH RACH DCH
S-CCPCHP-CCPCHPhysical
ChannelsPRACH DPDCH
Logical Channels
(Data Dependent)
PCCH
DCCH
DTCH
DecicatedLogicalChannelCipherOn
BCCH CCCH CTCH
Higher Layer data
PagingPagingSystem
InfoSystemInfo
SignalingSignalingCell
BroadcastService
CellBroadcast
Service
Signalingand
User data
Signalingand
User data
DTCHDTCH
Channel Mapping
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BCCHBroadcast Control Ch.
PCCHPaging Control Ch.
CCCHCommon Control Ch.
DCCHDedicated Control Ch.
DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. N
BCHBroadcast Ch.
PCHPaging Ch.
FACHForward Access Ch.
DCHDedicated Ch.
P-CCPCH(*)Primary Common Control Physical Ch.
S-CCPCHSecondary Common Control
Physical Ch.
DPDCH (one or more per UE) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPCCH (one per UE)Dedicated Physical Control Ch.Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
SSCi
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DownlinkRF Out
DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)One per UE
DSCHDownlink Shared Ch.
CTCHCommon Traffic Ch.
CPICHCommon Pilot ChannelNull Data
Data Encoding
Data Encoding
Data Encoding
Data Encoding
Data Encoding
PDSCHPhysical Downlink Shared Channel
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel )
Access Indication data
Paging Indication bits
AP-AICH(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )Access Preamble Indication bits
CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel )CPCH Status Indication bits
CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel
Assignment )
CPCH Status Indication bits
S/P
S/P
Cch
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
Cell-specificScrambling
Code
I+jQI/Q
ModulatorQ
I
Cch
Cch
Cch
Cch
Cch
Cch
Cch
Cch 256,1
Cch 256,0
ΣΣΣΣ
GS
PSC
GP ΣΣΣΣ
Sync Codes(*)
ΣΣΣΣ Filter
Filter
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
SCH (Sync Channel)
DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. 1
DCHDedicated Ch.
Data Encoding
MUX
MUX
CCTrCHDCHDedicated Ch.
Data Encoding
WCDMA Downlink Channels
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UplinkRF Out
UEScrambling
Code
I+jQ I/QMod.
Q
I
Chc
ΣΣΣΣ
ΣΣΣΣ�
Filter
Filter
CCCHCommon Control Ch.
DTCH (packet mode)Dedicated Traffic Ch.
RACHRandom Access Ch.
PRACHPhysical Random Access Ch.
DPDCH #1Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
CPCHCommon Packet Ch.
PCPCHPhysical Common Packet Ch.
Data Coding
Data Coding
DPDCH #3 (optional)Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #5 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #2 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #4 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #6 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
ΣΣΣΣ6
DPCCHDedicated Physical Control Ch.
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Chd
Gc
Gd
j
Chd,1 Gd
Chd,3 Gd
Chd,5 Gd
Chd,2 Gd
Chd,4 Gd
Chd,6 Gd
Chc Gd
Chc
ΣΣΣΣ
Chd
Gc
Gd
j
RACH Control Part
PCPCH Control Part
ΣΣΣΣ
j
ΣΣΣΣ
DCCHDedicated Control Ch.
DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. N
DCHDedicated Ch.
Data Encoding
DTCHDedicated Traffic Ch. 1
DCHDedicated Ch.
Data Encoding M
UX
CCTrCH
DCHDedicated Ch.
Data Encoding
WCDMA Uplink Channels
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• Qqualmeas
• Qrxlev meas
CPICH
P-CCPCH
• qQualmin
• qRxLevMin
• UE max transm pwr Ul
Cell Selection - I
•qQualmin is sent in the broadcast information and indicates the minimum required quality value. The UE measures the received quality, “Qqualmeas”; on the CPICH (CPICH Ec/N0) and calculates Squal.•qRxLevMin is also sent in the system information and indicates the minimum required signal strength. The UE measures the received signal Code Power (CPICH RSCP) and obtains Srxlev•maxTxPowerul is the maximum transmission power during random access on the RACH and that value is also sent in the system information. •P is the UE maximum output power according to its class.
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•For cell selection criteria the UE calculates
Squal = Qqualmeas - qQualMin (for WCDMA cells) > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - qRxLevMin – Pcompensation (for all cells) > 0
Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerUL – P,0)
P is output power of UE according to class
Cell Selection - II
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Power Control Types• 2. Outer-Loop Power Control (slow)
– maintains the required Block Error Rate (BLER) for a service by modifying the SIR target
– Dedicated channels– If the BLER measured (DL@UE, UL@RNC) is below/ above
the minimum acceptable BLER, • UE/RNC increase/reduce SIR target.• Use the new SIR target for the Inner-loop PC.
• 3. Inner-Loop Power Control UL/DL (fast)– minimizes the power and interference of ongoing
connections by maintaining a minimum SIR.– Dedicated channels– Performed 1500 times per second, – Adjust (up or down) the Tx power to reach the SIR target.
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Uplink Outer & Inner Loop Power Control
1 Calculate initial UL SIR target
2 Power control command (1,500 / s)
3 Estimate UL quality
4Calculate new SIR target(using Macro Diversity)
Combatsfast fading
Combatsslow fading
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Coverage in WCDMA• Cell extension (border) in DL is defined by its DL coverage
• DL coverage is provided by CPICH channel and is measured by RSCP. RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) is the received power on one SC measured on the CPICH at the UE antenna connector.
• Radio Network Design (RND) specifies the minimum RSCP level for an area to be considered as “WCDMA covered”
• The network parameter primaryCpichPower controls the power used by the CPICH channel.
• UL coverage is reached at the maximum transmitted power from theUE while connected to UTRAN
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Quality in WCDMA• Quality in WCDMA can be measured in terms ofEc/No and
Pilot Pollution
� Ec/No is the ratio between the useful received signal and the interference generated from other SCs or external sources.
� The UE in the example receives useful signal (Ec) from the serving cell and interference (No) from the other cells
�Pilot Pollution is a measure of interference generated by one or more SCs with good RSCP that can’t be actively used by the UE during the service
NoNo
No
NoNo
NoEc
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Cell Breathing
• Noise Rise is cell breathing• Interference increases with load in the network causing
network quality to degrade and WCDMA coverage to shrink
BS 1 BS 2
Fully loaded systemUnloaded system
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Coverage – Relation RSCP and EC/N0 - I
Ec=RSCP = -75 dBm
Constant
N0= -65 dBm
Ec/N0 = -10 dB, OK
Ec + N0 Own N0 Other
Ec/N0 OK
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Coverage – Relation RSCP and EC/N0 - II
Ec=RSCP = -75 dBm
Constant
N0= -55 dBm
Ec/N0 = -20 dB, Not OK
Ec + N0 Own N0 Other
Ec/N0 OK
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Coverage not constant – Cell Breathing
• Cell coverage defined by Ec/N0.• Ec/N0 below target => No channel estimation, no call setup• Interference increases when traffic increases.• RSCP = Ec – always constant. • Cell coverage smaller when traffic increases. • Cell Breathes.
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• WCDMA Planning and Dimensioning
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Design Priorities
� Establish sufficient CPICH RSCP.� Establish good CPICH Ec/Io under load.� Ensure high probability of service coverage under
load on both links.� Which service?
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/Io
Service Coverage
Design is built up by covering the basics first.
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Antenna Down tilt Requirement� Power is a shared resource in UMTS.� As load increases in a cell, total transmitted power
increases also.� Max transmit power cannot be used to control
interference.
A B
C
D
E
A B
C
D
E
Unloaded Loaded
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Important design requirements� UE needs to decode the CPICH to get service.� Good CPICH RSCP (Ec) does not mean that the
CPICH can be camped on. � Good CPICH Ec/Io is needed to camp on the
system.� Networks should be designed for good CPICH Ec/Io.
A B
E
FC
A B
E
FC
Sufficient RSCP
Bad Ec/Io
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Coverage Overlap
� Overshooting sites should be lowered, downtilted or removed from the UMTS plan if possible.
� For neighboring cells, some optimum coverage overlap is needed.
Too much overlap results in loss of capacity
Too little overlap results in increased interference
Optimum Overlap
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Air Interface DimensioningAssume an
uplink loading
Calculate uplinkcoverage/Lmax
Calculate uplink capacity
Estimate sitecountfor coverage
Estimate sitecountfor capacity
Balanced?
Yes
No
Calculate PCPICH, refbased on UL Lmax
CalculateDL Capacity
Calculate PDCH
Calculate PCCH, ref
DL Capacityfulfill req.
No
Finished
Yes
Input Data
![Page 47: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
System Reference Point
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Energy per bit to Noise ratio (Eb/No)Transmitted Signal
Received Signal + Noise
Air Interface
1
-1Bit errors
Energy per bit (Eb)
Noise power density (No)
Eb
NoConceptual illustrationRealistic illustration
![Page 49: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Eb/No and C/I (γγγγ)signal-to-noise ratio per bit: The ratio given by Eb/No, where Eb is the signal energy per bit and No is the noise energy per hertz of noise bandwidth.
Eb = S/Rinfo where S = signal energy and Rinfo is the bit rate
No = N/B where N = noise energy and B is the bandwidth
Eb/No = = S Rinfo
X B N
SN
X B Rinfo
Since B is proportional to chip rate B
Rinfo= Chip Rate
Rinfo= Processing gain (PG)
Therefore
In the uplink N will be predominately interference (I) from other UEs and S will be
the received carrier power (C) Eb/No = C/I PG = γγγγ.PG
Eb/No = γγγγ + 10log(PG)Since Eb/No and γγγγ are normally given in dB :
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Uplink Dimensioning
Cell range and cell area can be calculatedCell range and cell area can be calculated
The number of sites required for meeting The number of sites required for meeting coverage requirement can be foundcoverage requirement can be found
Max path loss due to propagationMax path loss due to propagation
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Uplink Link BudgetLpmax = PUE - SUL – BPC-BIUL-BLNF-LBL-LCPL-LBPL-Ga-LJ
whereLpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air. The cell range
can be calculated based upon this figure [dB].
PUE is the maximum UE output power, 21 or 24 [dBm].
SUL is the UL sensitivity. Depends on the RAB and channel model [dBm].
BIUL is the noise rise [dB].
BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB].
BPC is the power control margin, dependent on channel model [dB].
LBL is the body loss [dB].
LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB].
LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB].
Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi].
LJ is the jumpers loss [dB].
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Signal VariationsSS at Rx-antenna
DistanceVariations due to Shadowing (Local mean)
Received Signal Level from formulae (Global mean)
Variations due to
Rayleigh fading
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Log Normal Fading Margin
SS at RX antenna
Prob
abili
ty
Derived Mean
Standard Deviation (�)
Measured Mean
Slow fading and Building Penetration Loss (BPL) are log normally distributed with standard deviations(�)
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Uplink LNFmarg for 3 sector sites
Note: Handover gain is included in these margins
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Power control margin PCmarg
Compensates for:-1) Increase in UE average power due to fast power control2) UE sensitivity degradation at cell border
TU= Typical Urban 3GPP channel Model
RA = Rural Area 3GPP channel Model
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Link Budget losses
Environment Dense Urban Urban SuburbanBuilding Penetration loss (BPL) 18 18 12
Building Penetration Loss
Body and car penetration Losses
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SRBS is the RBS sensitivity. When an ASC is used, it is measured at the ASC port, without ASC at the RBS
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]Nt is the thermal noise power density (.174 dBm/Hz),Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value 2.3
dB with and 3.3 dB without ASC),Rinfo is the information bit rate [bps].LF is the feeder loss [dB]. The feeder loss becomes zero
in uplink calculations for installations with ASC.
SUL = SRBS + LF = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0 + LF [dBm]
UL System Sensitivity
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RBS SensitivityMinimum RX signal (RBSsens)= Noise + Nf + γγγγwhere Nf Receiver noise figure and γ γ γ γ is the C/I for the service
RBSsens
C/I
Noise +Nf
However Eb/No = γγγγ + 10 log (B/Rinfo)
= γγγγ + 10 log (B) - 10 log (Rinfo)
To solve for γγγγ => γγγγ = Eb/No - 10 log (B) + 10 log (Rinfo)
If γγγγ is substituted into the equation for RBSsens it becomes:-
RBSsens = Nt + 10log(B) + Nf+ Eb/No - 10 log (B) + 10 log (Rinfo)
Noise = KTB W/Hz. If expressed as log values values:
Noise = KT + 10log(B) = Thermal noise (Nt) + 10 log (B)
Therefore RBSsens = Nt + 10log(B) + Nf + γγγγ
RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm
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BIUL - Noise Rise is referred as the increase in receiver noise floor when a system is more loaded.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9Load
Inte
rfer
ence
incr
ease
∆∆ ∆∆I[
dB]
E.g. 20%=0,97dB, 50%=3dB
where Q is the uplink system loading
UL Noise Rise
dB Q1
110logBIUL �
�
�
�
−=
![Page 60: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Maximum Cell Range (Rpathmax)
Cell Range (Rpathmax) is given by equation 21:-
Using Okumura-Hata propagation formula:
Lpath = A - 13.82logHb +(44.9-6.55logHb)logR - a(Hm) [[[[dB]]]]
R pathmax = 10αααα, where αααα = [Lpathmax - A + 13.82logHb + a(Hm)]/[44.9 - 6.55logHb]
Or using COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami formula we get equation 22:-
Lpath = 155.3 + 38logR – 18log(Hb – 17) [[[[dB]]]]
Rpathmax = 10αααα, where αααα = [Lpath – 155.3 + 18log(Hb – 17)]/38
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Relation between coverage area and cell range.
2323
RArea = 2389
RArea =
RSitetoSite 3= RSitetoSite23= RSitetoSite 3=
2323
RArea =
R RR
![Page 62: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
4.53.264 Kbps PS
6.44.9Speech 12.2 Kbps
TU, 50km/hTU, 3Km/hService Type
Typical Eb/No values for UL
Uplink Example: 12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
RBSsens(Speech,3km/h)= -171 + 10log(15600) + 4.9 =-124.2 dBmRBSsens(Speech,50km/h)= -171 + 10log(15600) + 6.4 =-122.7 dBmRBSsens (PS64,3km/h)= -171 + 10log(67400) + 3.2 =-119.5 dBm RBSsens (PS64,50km/h)= -171 + 10log(67400) + 4.5 =-118.2 dBm
RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm
![Page 63: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
Uplink Example: 12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
���
����
�=
LoadingIUL -1
1log10
RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm
PUE 21
RBSsens
Outdoor LNFmarg
PCmarg
IUL
BL
Gant 17.5
Lf+j 0
Lpathmax (outdoor)
CPL
Lpathmax (in-car)
BPL
Indoor LNFmarg
Lpathmax (indoor)
-124.2
0.7
3
4.1
6
7.518
3
151.9
145.9
130.5
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α10R pathmax =]log55.69.44[)](log82.13[� bmbpath HHaHAL −++−=
mikm 47.075.0R pathmax ==
Uplink Example: 12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
sqmi66.0R389
Area 2 ==
Sites needed to cover 100mi Sq Area = 66
![Page 65: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Mpole is the number of simultaneous users that can notbe supported since the C/I can not be fulfilled for any
of them.
)G(1�
11
F11
M DTXpole +���
����
�+⋅�
�
���
�
+=
�����
� ����� �!�"�� ��#$�� ����%�������%��&������������������������
'(�) (�)�'� �
�$*���������%�"+,��-����.� ��� �������� �
Uplink Capacity (Mpole)
γγγγ = Eb/No - 10log(PG)
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57*25.076*75.0M Pole +=
72≈
Uplink CapacityNumber of Simultaneous Users in UL
poleM.QM =
• Uplink MPole for Speech for a 3 sector urban site: at 3 km/hr is 76 and at 50 km/hr is 57.
• Example
For a traffic distribution of 75% and 25% respectively in above case:
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• For a multi-service system where the system utilizes different types of RABs, e.g. RAB 1, RAB 2 etc.
...M
MM
MM
MQ
3pole,
3
2pole,
2
pole,1
1max +++=
• UL noise rise is related to the UL loading. System cannot be loaded up to 100% as this would lead to infinite noise rise.
Recommended Maximum UL Load: Q = 60%
Number of Simultaneous Users
......QQQQ 321max +++=
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Suppose Q = 50 % = MSpeech / Mpole Speech
MSpeech = 50%*72= 36 simultaneous users or channels
Erlang B, 2% GoS 36 channels give 27.34 Erl. offered traffic.
27.34/30 mE = 911 users (actual users in the network) per cell
Divide total user by user per cell to get no. of cells needed.
= 53180/911 = 55cells = 19sites
Site Count for Capacity
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Balancing Coverage and Capacity
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Data Services dimensioning• After finding number of sites (based on voice capacity and coverage); calculation for data i.e. Best Effort Traffic is done.
• First step is to find out data required to be supported based on BH requirements
Eg: For 12KB/h in UL and 230KB/h in DL data per user during BH;
PoleC M / MQ =
DLhKB
ULhKB
−===−===/151800KB/h Y X*230 sector supported/ be toData
/2640KB/h Y X*12 sector supported/ be toData
/�����)�001�� ������ &#����%� �������������#��.���� � � ���
�����
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• With 220 sites, subscribers per sector would be:= 50,000/660 = 75
•Offered Traffic would therefore be:= 75 * 25m = 1.875 Erlangs
•Actual Traffic = Offered Traffic (1-GOS) = 1.83Erlangs
.025401.83/72QC ==
Data Services dimensioning• Next step is to find out, whether that data can be supported by remaining available Uplink load, for this Qc is calculated.
PoleC M / MQ =
![Page 72: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Data Services dimensioning
• In order to find out number of data sessions that can be supported by available best effort load:
poleBEdata M*Q*0.7M =
BEcmax QQQ +=
��-�������#������.2� ���#������%�.�������%% �3
4�� �5����������.
4�� �5�#����%%�������.BE
C
max
Q
Q
Q
• QBE is found from total load and speech load
cmax QQ =
474.00254.05.0Q BE =−=
5.3016*0.474*0.7Mdata ==
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• Busy hour data traffic that can be supported is found out10
data 2*8/3600)*kbps)64 .g.RAB(e*M(=
Data Services dimensioning
���� ��� ��� �.���� ��6,$�
• If data that can be supported is greater than required data transfer during BH; number of sites remain same
• In case data cannot be supported:
• No of sites is increased
• Subscribers per sector, offered and actual traffic is found out
• Whole process is repeated, starting from QBE calculation to find out if increased number of sites support required data
hKB /5.1490622*8/)3600*10*64*5.30( 103 ==
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• Transmitter (RBS) is in a single point, Receivers (Terminals) are distributed in the cell
• DL coverage and capacity are not only dependent on the number of terminals, but also on their distribution in a cell and their relative position towards other cells
Downlink Dimensioning
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DL Capacity versus Cell Range
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Downlink Margin DLmargBefore we can use this curve we must calculate the downlink margin DLmarg with equation 26:-
DLmarg = BL + CPL + BPL +∆Gant + Lf+j + LASC +∆Nf + ∆A0
BL is the body loss.
CPL is the car penetration loss. Since this is an urban area car loss will not be considered.
BPL is the building penetration loss.
∆Gant is the difference in antenna gain compared to the value used in the curves. ∆Gant= 17.5 – Gant
Lf+J is the loss in feeders and jumpers.
∆Nf is the difference in UE noise figure compared to the value used in the curves∆Nf = Nf –7
LASC is the insertion loss of the ASC (if used). ∆A0 is the difference of the distance independent term, in Okumura Hata, compared to the ………… value used in the curves
∆A0 = A0 – A0curves, where A0 = A – 13.82 logHb and A0curves is 134.68 or approx. 134.7
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Downlink ExampleWhat load could a 40m, 3-sector Urban Cell cope with at a range of 1.5 km to outdoor services with the gains and losses below?
D Lm arg = B L + C PL + BPL +∆G ant + Lf+j + L A SC +∆N f + ∆A 0
BL =CPL =BPL =∆∆∆∆Gant= Lf+J =∆∆∆∆Nf =LASC =∆∆∆∆A0 =
3 dBUrban speech => TU 3 km/h => CPL = 0 dB18 dB�Gant= 17.5 – Gant, Gant = 17.5 => �Gant = 0 dB
5 dB
�Nf= Nf - 7, Nf = 7 => �Nf= 0 dB
0.4 dB�A0= A0 - 134.7 but A0 = 155.1 – 13.82 log(40)= 133 => �A0 = 133 - 134.7 = -1.7 dB
Dlmarg = 3 + 0 + 18 + 0 + 5 + 0 + 0.4 -1.7 = 24.7 approx 25 dB
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2. Find possible cell loading where the 25 dB Dlmarg curve crosses the 1.5 km range:-
1.5 km
![Page 79: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Lpmax = PTX,ref – SUE – BPC – BIDL – BLNF – LBL – LCPL – LBPL +Ga – LJ
Lpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air [dB].PTX,ref is the transmitter power at the system reference point [dBm]SUE is the UE sensitivity [dBm]BPC is the power control margin [dB]BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB]BIDL is the noise rise or the downlink interference margin [dB]LBL is the body loss [dB]LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB]LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB]Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi]LJ is the jumper loss [dB]
•The Link Budget has to be calculated for •Common Primary Channel (CPICH)•For every Service RAB (DCH)
Downlink Link Budget
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SUE = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]. DownlinkEb/N0 values depend on the RAB and the channel model.
Nt is the thermal noise power density (�174 dBm/Hz),Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value is 7 dB),Rinfo is the information bit rate [cps].
• For the dedicated channels
• For CPICH
SUE, CPICH = Nt + Nf + 10logRchip + Ec/N0
Rchip is the system chip rate 3.84 McpsEc/N0 is the chip energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]
UE Sensitivity
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Downlink nominal power• The nominal output power at the system reference point is calculated by subtracting the feeder and ASC insertion losses from the nominal output power at RBS.
LLPP ASCFRBSnom,refnom, −−= [dBm]
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Total Power• Average downlink total output power depends on the loading and the maximum pathless at the cell border.
Q1L*HP
P sarefCCH,reftot,
−+=
where:is the average power allocated to all common control channels at the system reference point
H is a factor related to the path loss distribution of the UE’sLsa is the signal attenuation from system reference point
to a UE at cell borderQ is the DL system loading
ref CCH,P
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•Downlink noise rise depends on the output power ofthe transmitter and the location of the users
�c is the non-orthogonality factor at the cell border,
is the average ratio between the received inter-cell and intra-cell interference at the cell border
Downlink Noise Rise
sa
reftot,IDL L
PK1B += where
chiptf
cc
RNNF
K+= α
cF
JaCPLBPLBLLNFPCpmaxsa LGLLLBBLL +−+++++=
IDLUEreftot,sa BSPL −−=
• Downlink dimensioning method is iterative and it comes from the fact that the noise rise, BIDL is required to find out power. This in turn depends on signal attenuation, Lsa, which a function of the noise rise.
![Page 84: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Downlink Noise Rise (Example)Input Output
DL Noise Rise = 12dB Signal Attenuation = 131dB
Signal Attenuation = 131dB DL Noise Rise = 11.3dB
DL Noise Rise = 11.3dB Signal Attenuation = 131.8dB
Signal Attenuation = 131.8dB DL Noise Rise = 10.7dB
DL Noise Rise = 10.7dB Signal Attenuation = 132.4dB
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB
Arbitrary value chosen
Iteration does not need to proceed further
Entering a high DL Noise Rise Value
![Page 85: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Downlink Noise Rise (Example)Input Output
DL Noise Rise = 3dB Signal Attenuation = 140dB
Signal Attenuation = 140dB DL Noise Rise = 6dB
DL Noise Rise = 6dB Signal Attenuation = 137dB
Signal Attenuation = 137dB DL Noise Rise = 7.2dB
DL Noise Rise = 7.2dB Signal Attenuation = 135.8dB
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB
Arbitrary value chosen
Iteration does not need to proceed further
Entering a low DL Noise Rise Value
![Page 86: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Downlink CPICH Link Budget
jaBPLCPLBLLNFIDLPCUECPICHpathmax LGL-LL-B-BBSPL −+−−−−=
Equation is similar to DL link budget except for following:
• UE sensitivity is calculated using different equation• There is no power control margin.• Log Normal Fading (LNF) margin doesn’t take into account, gain due to SHO.
![Page 87: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
• The CPICH power at the system reference point should be less than or equal to 10% of total output power at the system reference point.• The average DCH power at the system reference point for the traffic channel of a single user should not exceed 30% of the total output power at the system reference point.
Downlink Power calculations
refnom,reftot, 0.75PP < [W] refCPICH,refCCH, P5.2P ≈
refnom,refCPICH, P1.0P ≤
[W]
[W]refnom,reflink,DCH, P30.0P ≤ [W]
![Page 88: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Downlink Power Distribution
CCH 25%
Mobility Headroom
25% (DCH)
DCH50%
+����- &����������. �� # � ��
*
![Page 89: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Downlink Capacity
)G(1
(b)G1(b))G1(bSHO
1F)�(�
1M DTXAS
1b SHO
SHO(b)pole +⋅
��
�
�
+−−++
=
�=
Whereαααα non orthogonality factorMpole is the downlink pole capacity.F is the system average downlink F factor.SHO(b) is the fraction of users that are in soft/softer handover
with b base stations [%].b indicates the number of BSs in soft handover.GSHO(b) is the system average of the soft handover gain ∆∆∆∆k
for UEs in soft handover with b BSs.GDTX is the DTX gain,AS Typical Active Set size
![Page 90: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
(Pilot) 0CchipftUE /NE10logRNNS +++=
2.11716)10*84.3log(107174 6 −=−++−=
jaBPLCPLBLLNFIDLUEPilotpathmax LGL-LL-B-BSPL −+−−−=
ajASCfBPLLNFIDLUEpathmaxPilot GLLLLBBSLP −+++++++=
��*�7� �5�, .������������
5.182.02.08.2189.49.42.1172.137P(Pilot) −++++++−= 5.32=
LLPP ASCFRBSnom,ref(Pilot)nom, −−=
8����9�: ����: 1���
8��;�9�.,&����� 1�;1�/
(Pilot)P
![Page 91: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
�8���<���=�����,��: ���9������������ ��=�1����> &�������=������
��;��?��&��� ��
8�������.,
CPICH Link Budget Lsa is the signal attenuation (used for DL noise rise calculation) between the antenna/ASC reference point and the terminal
refCPICH,refCCH, P5.2P ≈ 25.2= Average CCh Power
![Page 92: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
0chipftUE Eb/N10logRNNS +++=
6.1111.7)10*84.3log(107174 6 −=−++−=
jaBPLCPLBLLNFIDLUEPilotpathmax LGL-LL-B-BSPL −+−−−=
ajASCfBPLLNFIDLUEpathmaxDCH GLLLLBBSLP −+++++++=
(�7� �5�, .������������
5.182.02.08.2189.49.46.1112.137PDCH −++++++−= 5.37=
LLPP ASCFRBSnom,ref(DCH)nom, −−=
8��<�9�: ����: 1���
8�����9�.,&����� ����/
(Pilot)P
![Page 93: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
(�7� �5�, .������������
Q1L*HP
P sarefCCH,reftot,
−+=
w80.7=
![Page 94: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
��#���������� ������&&����������������������������.�
����&&��.�.������������ ���������*�7�
"���&&��.�.�"���� �����&&�����������@��� ��
��� �� ��� �������
� ��� �� ��� �����
� ��� �� ��� �������
� ��� �� ��� �������
��� �� ��� ������
�� �� ��� ��������
� ��� �� ��� �����
� ��� �� ��� �������
� ��� �� ��� �������
����������� ���
�����*��7�
A.,B
���5�������
A.,&B
���5�������
A/B
+����������
A/B�������
CPICH Link Budget
![Page 95: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Node B HW Dimensioning
![Page 96: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Node B HW Capacity • Hardware resources capacity in a WCDMA RBS (Node B)
capacity is defined by channel element and are mostly shared between all users.
• CHANNEL ELEMENT:Channel Element is the required baseband processing capacity to handle one Speech RAB(12.2kbps)– TXB handles CRC, channel coding, interleaving, spreading, rate
matching - Downlink.– RXB handles demodulation, rake receiving, despreading, de-
interleaving, decoding, CRC evaluation - Uplink
More base-band processing is required in UL
![Page 97: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
How Channel Elements work
• Channel Element is linked to Dedicated Channel (DCH) resources of the RBS (dedicated data channels and dedicated signaling channels ).
• Each time a DCH allocated, HW resources consumed in UL and DL (even if one link is under utilised)
• If HW limit is exceeded then Admission/Congestion Control kicks in.
• If user is not transmitting (in PS case), HW will still be reserved until switchdown occurs. Hence more CEs need to be allowed for this reservation scheme.
![Page 98: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Ericsson CE Advantages
• CEs pooled per site (gain approx 10%)• No additional CEs needed for Softer Handover
(up to 20% supported)• No additional CEs needed for signaling (CCH)
channels (sufficient capacity supported on boards)
• Fewer CEs needed for high bit rate services compared to other vendors
• Scalable, can buy UL and DL independently
![Page 99: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
CE Mapping/Ladder
RAB UL DLSpeech 12.2 1 1CS 64 4 2CS 57.6 (Str) 4 2PS 64/64 4 2PS 64/128 4 4PS 64/384 4 8
![Page 100: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
NodeB Capacity
768512384256CEs DL
76825612816CEs UL
R2 Max site capacity
R1 Max site capacity
R2 Max board capacity
R1 Max board capacity
• Ensures NodeB HW does not become limiting factor for capacity
• Software key enables/disables more CEs
![Page 101: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
( )
( ) �
�
Γ⋅+=
Γ⋅+=
iidlidlce
iiuliulce
MKn
MKn
,,
,,
1
1
CE Dimensioning- conversational
K
iM
iΓ
Number of Channel elements is given by equationcen
Fraction of soft handover margin, depends on activesetMaximum number of simultaneous users per site for radio bearer (i)Channel element factor per radio bearer (i)
![Page 102: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
( )
( ) �
�
Γ⋅+=
Γ⋅+=
jjsessionjdlbece
ulululbece
MKn
MKn
,,,
6464,,
1
1
CE Dimensioning- interactive
K
jM
jΓ
Number of Channel elements is given by equationbecen ,
Fraction of soft handover margin, depends on activesetMaximum number of simultaneous users per site for radio bearer (i)Channel element factor per radio bearer (i)
![Page 103: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Mixing Conversational and Best Effort
Occ
upie
d C
E
Time
CE used bycircuit switched traffic
CE_peak
CE_be
CE_av
CE = Max (CE_peak, CE_av + CE_be)
![Page 104: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
What is HSDPA ?• High Speed Downlink Packet Access• Can get up to 14 Mbps in the downlink• In P4, 4.32 Mbps is possible• Best effort service• HSDPA P4 is time shared• HSDPA has
– Link Adaptation• QPSK• 16 QAM
– Hybrid ARQ– Scheduling– Short TT1 (2 msec)
HS-DSCH
Common channels (not power controlled)
Dedicated channels (power controlled)
Tota
l ava
ilabl
e ce
ll po
wer
![Page 105: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Key Idea in HSDPA
Fast adaptation of transmission parameters to fast variations in radio conditions
Main functionality to support HSDPA
•Fast link adaptation
•Fast Hybrid ARQ
•Fast channel-dependent scheduling
![Page 106: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
HSDPA Basic Features
• Fast Link Adaptation and higher modulation– Data rate adapted to radio
conditions– 2 ms time basis
• Fast Hybrid ARQ– Roundtrip time ~12 ms possible– Soft combination of multiple
attempts
• Shared Channel Transmission– Dynamically shared code resource
• Fast Channel-Dependent Scheduling– 2 ms time basis
2 ms
• Short TTI (2 ms)– Reduced delays
![Page 107: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
HSDPAUE capabilities
3.36
3.36
User data throughput –P4 (Mbps)
QPSK1.85Category 12
QPSK0.95Category 11
Both14.015Category 10
Both10.215Category 9
Both7.310Category 8
Both7.310Category 7
Both3.65Category 6
Both3.65Category 5
Both1.85Category 4
Both1.85Category 3
Both1.25Category 2
Both1.25Category 1
QPSK / 16 QAM
L1 peak rates (Mbps)
Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes received
HS-DSCH category
P4 time frame
![Page 108: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Short 2 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
• Reduced round trip delay on the air interface • Enables HSDPA features to operate at 500 times
per second!– Fast Link Adaptation– Fast Radio Channel-dependent Scheduling– Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining
10 ms20 ms40 ms80 ms
Earlier releases
2 msRel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms
![Page 109: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Shared Channel Transmission• New transport channel type, using multicode
transmission
• Radio resources dynamically shared among multiple users in time & code domain
• Efficient code utilization
User #1 User #2 User #3 User #4
Channelization codes allocatedfor HS-DSCH transmission
8 codes (example)SF=16
SF=8
SF=4
SF=2
SF=1
TTI
Shared channelization
codes
![Page 110: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Fast Hybrid ARQ• If NACK is received Node B retransmits data• UE combines the faulty block with retransmission
(soft combining)• MAC-hs RTT=12 ms• 6 HARQ processes needed to transmit in every TTI
![Page 111: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
HSDPA 16QAMNew optional feature
• 16QAM may be used as a complement to QPSK• 16QAM allows for twice the peak data rate
compared to QPSK• 16QAM more sensitive to interference
16QAM
2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol
QPSK
![Page 112: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Fast Link Adaptation
• Adjust transmission parameters to match instantaneous radio channel conditions– Path loss and shadowing– Interference variations– Fast multi-path fading
• HS-DSCH is rate controlled– Encoding rate, number of channelization codes &
modulation type adapted based on available power
– Adaptation on 2 ms TTI basis 500 times/sec!
High data rate
Low data rate
![Page 113: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Fast Channel Dependent Scheduling• Scheduling = which UE to transmit to at a given time instant• Basic idea: transmit at fading peaks
– May lead to large variations in data rate between users– Tradeoff: fairness vs cell throughput
• HSDPA scheduler is implemented in Node B• Scheduler determines the UE to which data should be transmitted in
the next 2 msec TTI• It considers channel conditions experienced by the UE• Scheduler can assign HS-DSCH to the UE with better channel quality
(CQI)• Short term improvements in radio conditions can mean higher
throughput
high data rate
low data rate
Time
#2#1 #2 #2#1 #1 #1
User 2
User 1
Scheduled user
![Page 114: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
• Two different algorithms available in P4 by combination of factors (queueSelectAlgorithm)– Round Robin
• Considers only f(delay). Longer the wait, higher the probability of selection
• Fairness of time allocation– Proportional Fair
• Combination of all the three factors• Increases system throughput by prioritizing users with
good quality• Some fairness of time and rate allocation is also
considered
Scheduling Algorithm
high data rate
low data rateTime
#2#1 #2 #2#1 #1 #1
User 2
User 1
Scheduled user
![Page 115: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
HSDPA Channel overview– HS-DSCH: High speed downlink shared channel
• “Fat pipe”: Carrying high speed downlink traffic– A-DCH DL: Associated dedicated
channel downlink• Voice/video (multi-RAB)• Release 99 signaling
– A-DCH UL: Associated dedicatedchannel uplink
• UL data transmission• TCP ACK/NACK• Voice/video (multi-RAB)• Release 99 signaling
– HS-SCCH: High speed shared control channel• HARQ signaling
– HS-DPCCH: High speed dedicated physical control channel• HARQ ACK/NACK• CQI: channel quality indicator
RNC
Iub Iub
Iu
Associated Dedicated channelsHS-DSCHHS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH
RNC
Iub Iub
Iu
Associated Dedicated channelsHS-DSCHHS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH
![Page 116: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
HSDPA Available Power
Common Channel Power (Ex: 14% for 40 W RBS)
R’99 DCH Power
MaxTransmissionPower
MaxTransmissionPower - hsPowerMargin-5%
Available HS Power
Time
• Not all the available HS power is always used for transmission.
• It is only used the amount required to fullfill the maximum TF that can be transmitted according to channel conditions
Carrier Power
![Page 117: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
������
������ �����!�"�#��$�
������ ����%&"'�"�$�Done!
Lsa or PDCHtoo large
Lsa or PCCHtoo large
Average DL network load (Q)
- Link budget margins
- HW configuration
- Cell border params
Uplink PS & CS traffic
StartUL link budget
@�����Lsa
CPICH link budget
@�����
PCCH,Lsa
DL link budget
@�����
PCCH, PDCH, Lsa,
HSDPA dimensioning
@�����
Pcpich,ref ≤ 15%*Pnom,ref
�.������C� �5��≤≤≤≤ �1D�E����&2��%
HSDPA Dimensioning
![Page 118: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
(Pilot) 0CchipftUE /NE10logRNNS +++=
2.11716)10*84.3log(107174 6 −=−++−=
jaBPLCPLBLLNFIDLUEPilotpathmax LGL-LL-B-BSPL −+−−−=
ajASCfBPLLNFIDLUEpathmaxPilot GLLLLBBSLP −+++++++=
��*�7� �5�, .������������
5.182.02.08.2189.49.42.1172.137P(Pilot) −++++++−= 5.32=
LLPP ASCFRBSnom,ref(Pilot)nom, −−=
8����9�: ����: 1���
8��;�9�.,&����� 1�;1�/
(Pilot)P
![Page 119: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
�8���<���=�����,��: ���9������������ ��=�1����> &�������=������
��;��?��&��� ��
8�������.,
CPICH Link Budget Lsa is the signal attenuation (used for DL noise rise calculation) between the antenna/ASC reference point and the terminal
refCPICH,refCCH, P1.2P ≈
89.1= Average CCh Power
%���7@(�+2������� �� ��
���9�� &��������*�7������
![Page 120: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Example • CPICH dimensioning:
– Lsa = 141.8 dB, corresponding to PS 64 kbps in UL
– 8.7 W at Tx ref. Point (17.4W nominal power, 3dB f&j loss)
?��.�.���*�7������
1�;�/ �
��11D�������5����.�
1�<��/
�<9D�������5����.�0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155
Lsa [dB]
CP
ICH
pow
er [W
]
75% network load 100% network load
��*�7� �5�, .����
![Page 121: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
• CCH power
– If all UEs are using HSDPA, average CCH can be reduced since no data is sent on FACH-2
– It approximately becomes:
?��.�.���7������
���7 8�����E�1�;�8�����/
CPICH Link Budget
refCPICH,refCCH, P1.2P ≈ %���7@(�+2������� �� ��
���9�� &��������*�7������
![Page 122: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
-7����
-2������
-0.4���
1.5�����
1.8�����
-7����
-������
-3.1���
-3.5����
-1.8����
����������� ��������*��7�A.,B�������
CPICH Link Budget• Relative HS-SCCH setting
Parameter values for peak power setting of DL common channels in HSDPA enabled cell are given as:
![Page 123: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
( F �� �������� �����.������&��������%�������� ����
����#�� �������&����&����� ��� ����������
( (���� �5��� ��� ��%���(�7��� �.�#������ ����.�� & ���
�11D�",@���& ��������������)���%��������� ���
sareftot,refDCH, LHPQP ⋅+⋅=
refnom,refCCH,refDCH, 0.75PPP ≤+
Downlink Link Budget
refnom,refDCH, P4.0P ≤
![Page 124: WCDMA Dimension Ing Workshop](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013102/552161ad4979597a2f8b5588/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
• The average power available for HSDPA at the Tx reference point is calculated as:
��
=
=
−
++=++=
M
1m
M
1mmthhsdpacch
mhsdpacchreftot,Q1
LNPPPPPP
RBS power at Tx reference point= nominal power at Tx reference point with 100% network load
DL system loading (M/Mpole)Factor related to the path lossdistribution of the UEs within a cell
Signal Attenuation,average cell size
sacchreftot,hsdpa LHPPQ).(1P ⋅−−−=
Q1LH*PP sahsdpacch
−++=
Downlink Link Budget
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For both HSDPA coverage and capacity, it is important to find the amount of power left for HS-DSCH. The average HS-DSCH power at the TX reference point is calculated as:
refDCH,ArefSCCH,HSrefDCH,refCCH,refnom,refDSCH,HS PPPPPP −−− −−−−=
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nom
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Power Settings for HSDPA channels(�7������
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System Capacity vs. HS-DSCH Power• HS-DSCH system capacity depends on HS-DSCH power
• HS-DSCH power is mainly determined by the amount of R99 traffic.
• HSDPA system capacity in presence of R99 traffic is calculated as:
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C/I vs. HS-DSCH Throughput
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C/I++
= −
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System Capacity vs. Signal attenuation Assmuptions: TU-3, 10W at RBS reference point, Proportional Fair gain included
System capacity vs signal attenuation
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C/I vs Throughput
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HSDPA system capacity when all power is available for HSDPA = 1160 kbps (from graph)
Average Power for Control Channels = 2.42 WPercentage of nominal power used for Control Channels, Yc = 2.42/10 = 24.2%Average DCH Power = 3.1 WPercentage of nominal power used for R99 traffic, Yb = 3.1/10 = 30.1%
HSDPA system capacity with R99= 1160[1-(0.31/1-0.242)] = 686 kbps
Average HSDPA throughput
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Part
HSDPA Cell Border Throughput
Putting values and solving for C/I = 0.23 = -6.42 dBMapping it against the throughput using the table for Category 7 UE - 10 multi codes
C/I gives throughput = 320 Kbps
sanom
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C/I++
= −
Cell border throughput