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Weather ForecastingWeather Forecasting
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Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions
CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Lesson OverviewLesson Overview
The history of weather forecastingThe history of weather forecasting The types of instruments used in weather The types of instruments used in weather
forecastingforecasting The various types of communication The various types of communication
methods used to provide weather methods used to provide weather informationinformation
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Quick WriteQuick WriteWhy do you think the military needs its own Why do you think the military needs its own
weather service? weather service?
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF
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The First Aviation WeatherThe First Aviation Weather Forecast Forecast
Weather forecasts mostly Weather forecasts mostly supported government flights supported government flights
Meteorologists used primitive Meteorologists used primitive means to issue forecast means to issue forecast
Attached instruments to kites and Attached instruments to kites and tethered balloons to find tethered balloons to find temperature and wind direction temperature and wind direction
First report went to a government First report went to a government flight carrying mail flight carrying mail
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA
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Weather Reports Address Weather Reports Address Safety IssuesSafety Issues
By 1920 about half the airmail service By 1920 about half the airmail service pilots had died on the jobpilots had died on the job
On 20 May 1926 Congress passed the Air On 20 May 1926 Congress passed the Air Commerce ActCommerce Act
Focus on safety also boosted the Focus on safety also boosted the commercial passenger businesscommercial passenger business
Today US has one of world’s most Today US has one of world’s most advanced aviation weather forecasting advanced aviation weather forecasting systemssystems
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF
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Air Force Weather AgencyAir Force Weather Agency
Army set up its first military Army set up its first military weather serviceweather service
After Congress authorized the After Congress authorized the launch of a civilian US Weather launch of a civilian US Weather Bureau in 1890—Army’s weather Bureau in 1890—Army’s weather arm wanedarm waned
AFWA partners with NOAA’s AFWA partners with NOAA’s National Weather Service to National Weather Service to improve weather scienceimprove weather science
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF/A1C Jack Sanders
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Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Activity 1: Evolution of Activity 1: Evolution of Weather Forecasting TimelineWeather Forecasting Timeline
Create a timeline depicting the history of Create a timeline depicting the history of weather forecastingweather forecasting
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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The Types of Instruments Used The Types of Instruments Used in Weather Forecasting—Surfacein Weather Forecasting—Surface
Observers are generally looking at an Observers are generally looking at an area within a five-mile radius from a area within a five-mile radius from a given airportgiven airport
Factors they consider—wind, visibility, Factors they consider—wind, visibility, pressure, temperature and dew point, sky pressure, temperature and dew point, sky conditions conditions
Chapter 2, Lesson 4© Hemera Technologies/ PhotoObjects.net/Thinkstock
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Tools Used to Study Tools Used to Study Surface WeatherSurface Weather
Several types of thermometers Several types of thermometers measure temperaturemeasure temperature
Many barometers use aneroids—Many barometers use aneroids—flexible metal bellows that respond flexible metal bellows that respond to changes in atmospheric pressureto changes in atmospheric pressure
Psychrometer—uses two Psychrometer—uses two thermometers to measure relative thermometers to measure relative humidityhumidity
Anemometer—measures wind Anemometer—measures wind speedspeed
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Reproduced from NASA
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Automated Surface Automated Surface Observing System Observing System
Weather reporting system, provides Weather reporting system, provides surface observations every minute surface observations every minute
Works nonstop, 24 hours a day, every day Works nonstop, 24 hours a day, every day of the yearof the year
Can’t report weather over the horizon, Can’t report weather over the horizon, above 12,000 feet, tornadoes, freezing above 12,000 feet, tornadoes, freezing drizzle, or snow depthdrizzle, or snow depth
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Upper AirUpper Air More challenging to make than surface More challenging to make than surface
observationsobservations Radiosondes—collect data such as air Radiosondes—collect data such as air
temperature, pressure, wind speed, and wind temperature, pressure, wind speed, and wind directiondirection
Pilots are the only real-time source of Pilots are the only real-time source of information regarding turbulence, icing, and information regarding turbulence, icing, and cloud heights cloud heights
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA
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RadarRadar An instrument that sends out and receives An instrument that sends out and receives
radio wavesradio waves Can identify distance, strength, direction, and Can identify distance, strength, direction, and
speed of moving and fixed objects —aircraft, speed of moving and fixed objects —aircraft, weather formations, and terrainweather formations, and terrain
It reads reflectivity—the strength of a returned It reads reflectivity—the strength of a returned signal—to gauge a storm’s intensitysignal—to gauge a storm’s intensity
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of USAF/Maj Steve Burke
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Four Types of RadarFour Types of Radar Doppler—Its two modes of operation are Doppler—Its two modes of operation are
clear air and precipitationclear air and precipitation FAA terminal Doppler—found at major FAA terminal Doppler—found at major
airports, provides severe weather alerts and airports, provides severe weather alerts and warnings to air traffic controllers warnings to air traffic controllers
FAA airport surveillance—detects aircraft, FAA airport surveillance—detects aircraft, location and strength of precipitation location and strength of precipitation
Aircraft airborne radar— can spot a big Aircraft airborne radar— can spot a big thunderstorm, light rainfall, and how big a thunderstorm, light rainfall, and how big a storm isstorm is
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA/George Shelton
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SatellitesSatellites In 1975 NASA and NOAA joined In 1975 NASA and NOAA joined
forces to launch, operate, and forces to launch, operate, and monitor new kind of weather monitor new kind of weather satellitesatellite
It was the Geostationary Operational It was the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Environmental Satellite
NASA launches the satellites for NASA launches the satellites for NOAANOAA
NOAA uses data collected by GOES NOAA uses data collected by GOES to forecast as well as observe to forecast as well as observe ongoing weatherongoing weather
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved.
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SIGMET and AIRMETSIGMET and AIRMET
SIGMETs—provide data about severe SIGMETs—provide data about severe and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and widespread dust or sandstorms and widespread dust or sandstorms
AIRMETs—report on less-severe AIRMETs—report on less-severe weather such as moderate icing, weather such as moderate icing, moderate turbulence, and look at moderate turbulence, and look at sustained surface winds sustained surface winds
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Activity 2: Collecting Activity 2: Collecting Atmospheric DataAtmospheric Data
Watch the NASA video “Real World: A-Train”Take notes about your observations and Take notes about your observations and answer the analysis questionsanswer the analysis questions
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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NASA Real World “A-Train”
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA
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Chapter 2, Lesson 4
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 5-6CPS Questions 5-6
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Activity 3: Elements of a Activity 3: Elements of a Weather StationWeather Station
Construct a barometer or anemometer Test the operation of your component
and explain its purpose in forecasting weather for flight
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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NEXRAD More than 160 Doppler More than 160 Doppler
radars scattered throughout radars scattered throughout the US and overseas make the US and overseas make up systemup system
Converts what the radars Converts what the radars read about a storm or other read about a storm or other target—distance, strength, target—distance, strength, and velocity—into imagesand velocity—into images
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA
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Weather OutletsWeather Outlets Automated Flight Service Station—main source for Automated Flight Service Station—main source for
preflight weather reports, briefing available 24 hours by preflight weather reports, briefing available 24 hours by phonephone
Transcribed Information Briefing Service—briefings are Transcribed Information Briefing Service—briefings are prerecorded, quick rundown of weatherprerecorded, quick rundown of weather
En Route Flight Advisory Service— one of the best En Route Flight Advisory Service— one of the best sources for current weather along a route, not available sources for current weather along a route, not available 24 hours a day24 hours a day
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service— broadcasts Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service— broadcasts bad weather alerts 24 hours a day, only a summarybad weather alerts 24 hours a day, only a summary
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Types of BriefingsTypes of Briefings
Standard is most complete Standard is most complete report; it provides an report; it provides an overall weather pictureoverall weather picture
Abbreviated is a shortened Abbreviated is a shortened version of the standardversion of the standard
Outlook is best when a Outlook is best when a departure isn’t planned for departure isn’t planned for at least six hoursat least six hours
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF/Steven Doll
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Current Weather ReportsCurrent Weather Reports Current weather reportsCurrent weather reports
METARs—hourly reports of current surface METARs—hourly reports of current surface weatherweather
PIREPs—current upper air conditionsPIREPs—current upper air conditionsRAREPs—storm detections; current readings of RAREPs—storm detections; current readings of
precipitation and thunderstorms precipitation and thunderstorms
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA/National Weather Service
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Printed Weather ForecastsPrinted Weather Forecasts
TAFs—cover a five-mile radius around airportsTAFs—cover a five-mile radius around airports FAs—picture of clouds, general weather, and visual FAs—picture of clouds, general weather, and visual
conditions over large areaconditions over large area SIGMETs and AIRMETs—data on severe and less severe SIGMETs and AIRMETs—data on severe and less severe
weatherweather FDs—predict winds and temperatures for specific spots FDs—predict winds and temperatures for specific spots
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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Weather ChartsWeather Charts Surface analysis chart assesses current surface Surface analysis chart assesses current surface
weatherweather Radar summary chart is for precipitation only Radar summary chart is for precipitation only Significant weather prognostic charts forecast Significant weather prognostic charts forecast
weather; they don’t report current weatherweather; they don’t report current weather
Chapter 2, Lesson 4Reproduced from National Weather Service/Aviation Weather Center/NOAA
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Chapter 2, Lesson 4
Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions
CPS Questions 7-8CPS Questions 7-8
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Activity 4: Weather ForecastingActivity 4: Weather Forecasting
Prepare and present either a weather Prepare and present either a weather forecast or a weather briefing forecast or a weather briefing
Research and gather weather data from Research and gather weather data from the internetthe internet
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
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SummarySummary
Chapter 2, Lesson 4
The history of weather forecastingThe history of weather forecasting The types of instruments used in weather The types of instruments used in weather
forecastingforecasting The various types of communication The various types of communication
methods used to provide weather methods used to provide weather informationinformation
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Chapter 2, Lesson 4
Review QuestionsReview Questions
CPS Questions 9-10CPS Questions 9-10
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Next….Next….
Done – Done – weather forecastingweather forecasting
Next – the effects of weather on Next – the effects of weather on aircraftaircraft
Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of AP Photo.