Download - Webometrics and Bibliometrics

Webometrics and Bibliometrics

Adam Eubanks, Alethea Thomas, Amelia Nicholson, Andrew Young, Eileen Lawton

•Webometrics and BibliometricsPresentation Contents

Bibliometrics– An introduction to BibliometricsThe “quantification of bibliographical data”

The Evolution of Bibliometrics– The development of webometricsScientometrics, cybermetrics and webometrics

“A comparison of link and URL citation counting” – Mike Thelwall An examination of URL citations

Webometrics – Measuring the InternetAdvantages, disadvantages and uses

Webometrics– The importance of webometricsEvaluating electonic media

• “Quantification of bibliographical data” – Connaway and Powell

• Most common research method in Library and Information Science• Availability of computer databases and citation indexes

• Bibliographic information stored in an accessible format

• Utilizes mathematical and statistical methods• Analyzes easily measurable properties of documents

• Authors, collaborators, institutions, retrieval process and publication patterns

• An Introduction to Bibliometrics•Bibliometrics

• Three Laws of Bibliometrics• Lotka’s Law

• Frequency that authors in a given field publish• Number of authors making n contributions is about 1/n2 of those

making 1• Zipf’s Law

• Frequency of words in a text• Rank of a word multiplied by its frequency equals a constant

• Bradford’s Law• Allows librarians to determine the number of core journals in

a field• Small group: 1/3, Medium group: 1/3, Large group: 1/3

• An Introduction to Bibliometrics•Bibliometrics

• Early Bibliometrics• Early use for identifying the

influence of previous publications• Creation of the Institute for Scientific Information

• The Science Citation Index - Eugene Garfield 1958• Emergence as a Scientific field

• Other Indexes led to a new range of statistics• Social Sciences Citation Index• Arts and Humanities Citation Index

• The development of webometrics•The Evolution of Bibliometrics

New Statistics:Aggregated publications

Aggregated citations

• Bibliometrics and the World Wide Web• Webometrics – measuring different components of the web

• Almind and Ingwersen – 1997: term first used• “The study of quantitative aspects of the construction and use of

information resources structure and technologies on the web drawing on Bibliometrics and Informetrics approach” – Bjorneborn & Ingwersen

• “The study of quantitative aspects of webpages or nodes” – Fugl • Used by multiple disciplines

• Library and Information Science• Computer Science• Computing and Information Technology


• Scientometrics• “The application of those quantitative methods which are

dealing with the analysis of science viewed as in information process” – Patra, Bhattacharya, and Verma• Focuses on science related communication

• Main information sets• Short term impact• Information of long-term impact• Basic scientific knowledge• Common scientific knowledge


• Infometrics• Examines:

• Scattering of articles and journals• New and obsolete documents• Distribution by country or language

• The quantitative analysis of information transfer• Cybermetrics

• Mathematical and statistical methods to quantify web sites• Measures their growth stability, propagation and use• Studies the efficiency of cyber information systems services and

products


• Impact• Productivity• Information Retrieval

The relationship between the various metrics

•The Evolution of BibliometricsThe development of Webometrics

• Four main areas of research in the field of webometrics

• Web link structure analysis• Categorizes hyperlinks, internal links, external links, out-

links, transversal links, reciprocal links and self-links• Web page content analysis

• Categorizes web pages and texts• Web usage analysis

• Examines log files for users’ searching behavior• Web technology

• “Includes the performance of search engines with respect to information retrieval and supporting webometrics analysis” – Jalal, Biswas, and Mukhopadhyay

• The importance of webometrics•Webometrics

• The importance of webometrics• “Indexed Web” included at least 9.36 billion web pages

• De Kunder - October 23, 2011• These pages contain massive amounts of information of

importance to the Library and Information Science community• How the internet is used• What sources on the web are used most often• How researchers use the web


• The importance of webometrics• Offers potential to identify obscure features of scientific

research• Use of research results in teaching• Actual use of scientific web pages• Use by the general public

• Applications• Studying web clustering, web growth and web searching

• The Future of webometrics• The ability to examine where valuable information is accessed• What articles or pages are cited most often• Current thinking of researchers• growth over time


• Examines if URL Citation counts can replace link counts

• This study systematically examines the difference between URL citation counts and link counts in a variety of online contexts

• Link Analysis• Can be used to measure the impact of online research

• Organizations, web sites, online journals and articles• What is the impact of removing link search tools from search

engines• Non-academic, non-commercial, less well-linked sites

• Used search engines such as Google, AltaVista, Yahoo! And Bing

• Mike Thelwall

•A comparison of link and URL citation counting

• Search Engines• Google – “restricted link searches and deliberately only

reports a small fraction of the results”• Yahoo! – is the only search engines that remains

accessible for these searches• Purchase by Microsoft might threaten these tools

• Removal of link analysis tools could make analysis difficult

• Alternative – URL citations and text citations

• Mike Thelwall


• URL Citation – “Is the mention of the URL of a web page in another page, whether or not it is accompanied by a hyperlink” - Thelwall

• Can be searched using standard queries• Can be calculated by any search engine• Another option is searching for page titles

• Data collection• Retrieved a variety of data sets using Yahoo!

• Business websites, news organizations, manufacturers’ websites, life science sites, blogs, online magazines, and MySpace

• URL usage in websites will vary by topic and type of site

• Mike Thelwall


• Results• URL citations are less numerous than links on non-academic

websites• One URL citation for every ten links• Occasionally only links present.

• Thelwall’s Conclusion• Without Advanced hyperlink queries, link analysis would

be crippled• Only large scale link analysis and academic link analysis

could be sustained• Many studies focused on the relationship between academic

and non-academic websites

• Mike Thelwall


• Analyzing Thelwall’s Paper• The Good

• Analyzed a wide variety of fields – including fields inside and outside of Academic and business sites

• Strong correlation between URL citations and academic websites• Outside academia, URL citations were far less available

• The Bad• Limited data sets - Only 15 case studies• High variance between data sets• Impossible to predict the impact of switching from link to URL

citation analysis• E-mail links are still showing up in URL citation for university domains

• Mike Thelwall


• Analyzing Thelwall’s Paper• Final Thoughts

• Repeatable – While repeatable, results may vary due to constant changes to the internet

• An initial investigation to assess the extent that URL citations could be used

• What kind of results would a larger data set reveal

• Mike Thelwall


• Other Uses• Social network Analysis• Hypertext search• Media Studies• Construction of websites and web directories

• Allows the Tracking of:• Usage patterns• Structure of links• Changes in the contents of web pages

• Measuring the Internet•Webometrics

• Webometric Studies• Different Scopes

• Focus on a cluster of web pages or the number of times a URL is cited

• How people research on the web by following link patterns• Study social networking and its impact on research of ongoing

communications and collaboration between scholars• Benefits of webometrics

• Information can be added to the web rapidly• Web contains more than just articles and books• Can be used to identify researchers whose online work is

successful


• Webometric Studies• Disadvantages

• Data can be shifting• Web pages disappear or change • URL’s change • Documents can become inaccessible

• Future of webometrics• Expansion of scholarly databases with citation indexes• Scientific approach to analyzing the internet built on a heavy

foundation• Information can be as varied and rich as the web itself


Questions?

References Björneborn, L., & Ingwerson, P. (2004). Toward a Basic Framework for Webometrics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(14), 1216-27. doi: 10.1002/asi.20077

Connaway, Lynn & Powell, R. (2010). Basic Research Methods for Librarians. Libraries Unlimited. Santa Barbara, CA. ( p. 81).

De Kunder, Maurice. (2011). The size of the World Wide Web (The Internet.) Retrieved from www.worldwidewebsize.com.

Fugl, L. D. (2001). Fundamental methodologies and tools for the employment of webometric analyses. The Royal School of Library and Information Science, Denmark.

Ikpaahindi, Linus. (1987). An overview of bibliometrics: Its measurements, laws and their implications.

Jalal, S., Biswas, S., & Mukhopadhyay, P. (2009). Bibliometrics to Webometrics. Information Studies, 15(1), 3-20. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Lotka, Alfred J. (1926). The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 16 (12) 317-324.

Patra, S., Bhattacharya, P. P., & Verma, N. (2006). Bibliometric study of literature on bibliometrics. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 26(1), 27-32.

Sen, B.K. (2001). Cybermetrics-meaning, definition, scope and constituents. Baghirathi. retrieved from hbagirithi.iitr.ac.in/dspace/bitstream/123456789/437/1/B.K.SenPap14Cyber.pdf

Thelwall, M. (2011). A comparison of link and URL citation counting. Aslib Proceedings, 63(4), 419-25. doi: 10.1108/00012531111148985

Vinkler, P. (2002). The institutionalization of scientific information: a scientometric model (ISI-S model). Library Trends, 50(3), 553-69. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/

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