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What is the fate of Pyruvate?
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GLYCOLYSIS
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PYRUVATE OX.
KREBS CYCLE
ETC
Stages of Cellular Respiration
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The Krebs Cycle – does your head suddenly hurt?
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The Krebs Cycle – An Overview
• In the presence of O2, the pyruvate of most cells enters the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), in which each pyruvate is oxidized to three molecules of CO2.
• 6 additional NAD+ molecules are reduced to 6 NADH, and 2 FAD+ (a second electron carrier) are reduced to form 2 FADH2.
• 2 additional ATPs are formed as the 2 pyruvates are oxidized in the Krebs cycle.
• The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic Wednesday, July 6, 2011
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MitochondriaFunction• Mitochondria are cell
organelles.• They are often called the
powerhouses of the cell because they contain enzymes that help metabolize food into ATP.
• The ATP is generated through several oxidation reactions.
• All cells have different numbers of mitochondria. Cells that require a lot of energy usually have more.
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Structure• Mitochondria have two membranes: 1)outer membrane2)inner membrane that is folded into structures called cristae.
•The inner fluid of the mitochondria is called the matrix.•There are hundreds of enzymes in the matrix.
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Anatomy of the Mitochondria
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A
B
C
D
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• Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria to produce acetyl-CoA and CO2
• This reaction is a link between glycolysis and the reactions of the Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA is used by the Krebs cycle.
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The Krebs Cycle – Oxidation of Pyruvate (transition step)
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The Krebs Cycle – Oxidation of Pyruvate (transition step)
A 3 carbon molecule of pyruvate
enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. One atom is removed via and hydrogen is removed using
carbondecarboxylation
NAD+.
Coenzyme A (CoA) becomes attached to the remaining
2 carbon atoms, creating Acetyl-CoA, which enters the
Krebs cycle.
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The Krebs Cycle – Oxidation of Pyruvate (transition step)
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What is the word reaction for pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 + H+
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The Krebs Cycle
most enzymes for these rxns are located in mitochondrial matrix
8 steps w/ 8 dif. enzymes
oxaloacetate is recycled
cycle turns twice for every glucose molecule oxidized
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The Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and then combines with
oxaloacetate to make the 6-carbon compound citrate.
During the eight steps of the Krebs cycle, citrate undergoes
a number of reactions, releasing CO2 and ATP
in a number of steps. Citrate is eventually converted into
oxaloacetate so it can be used again during the Krebs cycle.
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The Krebs Cycle – The Products
1. is released as waste.
NADH and
respiration.
3. Energy is released in the form of ATP.
A glucose molecule produces two
because two molecules of
CO2
2. FADH2 move to the next stage of cellular
molecules of ATP.
pyruvate are created from
each molecule of glucose
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The Krebs Cycle
Used the diagram in the next panel to determine the products of the Krebs Cycle, both per each acetyl and glucose molecule: per acetyl molecule per glucose molecule ___NADH ___ NADH ____FADH2 ____ FADH2 ___ATP (subs. level) ____ ATP ___ CO2 ____ CO2
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How many oxidation reactions occur in Krebs? Where?
Where does the condensation reaction occur?
Where does the isomerization reaction occur?
Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?
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10 NADH produced in Stages1-3 2 FADH2 from Stage 3
NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
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LAST STEP!!! Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
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The electron transport chain (ETC) Series of proteins arranged along the
inner membrane (the cristae) Increasing negativity Get a series of redox reactions
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Free energy released with each redox
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
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ETC – the finer details NADH passes 2 electrons to NADH dehydrogenase Electrons are moved along the ETC
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ETC – the finer details Free E that is released is used to pump H+ from the
matrix intermembrane space For every pair of e-s, each protein pumps out one H+
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ETC – the finer details When oxygen is reduced, it also binds 2 H+,
and forms one H2O (inside the matrix)
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Chemiosmosis = ATP formation
Proton-motive force drives H+ through an ATPase complex. Free energy released.◦ Drives phosphorylation of ADP ATP
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Electrochemical (E.C.) gradient established across membrane by H+◦ High [H+] in intermembrane space
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Energy accountingOne ATP formed for every H+ that moves in
through ATPase
For each pair of e-’s, one H+ is pumped in by each of the three stationary proteins in the ECT.
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3 ATP for every NADH
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2 ATP for every FADH2◦ FADH2 passes its e-’s to cytochrome b-c1 complex
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Conversion (cashing out)3 ATP per NADH: 3 ATP x 8 NADH = 24 ATP
2 ATP per FADH2
2 ATP x 4 FADH2 = 8 ATP
= 32 ATP (ETC) + 4 ATP (glycol./Krebs)
total 36 ATP34
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Summary of processC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
energy
Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Oxygen is reduced to water.
36 molecules of ATP are produced.
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