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Introduction to
Comparative PoliticsWeek 6Electoral Systems, Part I
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Today
Quiz
Electoral Systems Basics
Return of Papers
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Schedule
Week 6 (this week), Section: Quiz
Week 7, Class: Electoral Systems
Week 7, Section: Electoral Systems
Week 7, Friday (February 19), 4pm-5:30pm:
Review Session, Location: Center Hall 222BRING QUESTIONS!
Week 8, Monday (February 22), Class: Midterm
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Questions?
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Pres/Parl Quiz
Put away notes, laptops, phones
Take out a sheet of paper
2 minutes per question
3 questions
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Question 1
Which of the following characteristics is
uniqueto Presidentialism?
(A) Possibility of single-party cabinets
(B) Popularly-elected legislature
(C) Common origin and survival(D)Possibility of divided government
(E) An executive called president
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Question 2Which of the following statements is true?
(A)In presidential democracies, the cabinet must
sustain the confidence of a majority in thelegislature in order to survive
(B)Presidential democracies break down more
often than parliamentary democracies
(C)It is easier to form a government in a multi-partyparliamentary democracy than in a multi-party
presidential democracy
(D)In parliamentary democracies, the largest party
always forms the government
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Question 3Which of the following is the samein both
majoritarianparliamentary democracies and
consensualparliamentary democracies?
(A)Size of the party system (i.e., number of parties
represented in the parliament)
(B)Whether the executive needs the support of
a legislative majority(C)Possibility of minority rule (minority cabinet)
(D)Ease with which voters identify and punish the
parties responsible for poor performance
(E)Concentration of power
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Electoral Institutions
The set of rules that translate votesinto
legislative seats
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Electoral Districts
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Electoral Districts
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Electoral Districts
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District Magnitude
The number of legislators elected from a district
Country # of Districts Magnitude (M) # of Legislators
United States 435 1 435
Chile* 60 2 120
Turkey 85 2-31 550
Brazil 27 8-70 513
Israel 1 120 120
Examples (Lower Houses)
*1990 to 2018
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Threshold
Turkey, June 2015
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Threshold
Why is the HDP celebrating?
HDP
Turkey, June 2015
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Threshold
The minimum voteshare that a party needs in order to gain
representation in the legislature
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Threshold
The minimum voteshare that a party needs in order to gain
representation in the legislature
Party Voteshare Seats
Christian Democrats 41.5% 311
Social Democrats 25.7% 193The Left 8.6% 64
Greens 8.4% 63
Free Democrats 4.8% 0
Alternative for Germany 4.7% 0
Germany, 2013
Threshold = 5%
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Single-Member Plurality
Also known as first past the post.
One seat per district (M=1); that seat is
allocated to the candidate (party) who got the
most votes in that district.
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Single-Member Plurality
Also known as first past the post.
One seat per district (M=1); that seat is
allocated to the candidate (party) who got the
most votes in that district.
Party National Voteshare % Seats
Reds 40% 29%
Greens 45% 57%
Blues 10% 0%
Purples 5% 14%
Can yield verydisproportionate outcomes!
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Single-Member Plurality
Party District 1 District 2 District 3 District 4 District 5 District 6 District 7
Reds 45% 44% 55% 30% 43% 38% 28%
Greens 48% 42% 32% 60% 46% 52% 27%
Blues 6% 12% 13% 9% 6% 10% 15%
Purples 1% 2% 0% 1% 3% 0% 30%
WINNER GREENS REDS REDS GREENS GREENS GREENS PURPLES
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Single-Member PluralityIf you are a small party, it helps to have
your vote concentrated in a small number
of districts.
Party Voteshare Seats % of Seats
UKIP 12.7% 1 0.2%Lib Dems 7.9% 8 1.2%
SNP 4.7% 56 8.6%
Greens 3.8% 1 0.2%
Small Parties in the UKs
2015 General Election
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United Kingdom, 2015
Plurality system (singlemember districts) Each party presents a
single candidate in this
constituency Voters in this
constituency vote for the
candidate The candidate with the
most votes in thisconstituency wins the
seat
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India, 2014 Plurality system (single
member districts) Works basically the
same as in the UK Candidates name is in
the left column; partys
symbol is in the right
column
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Proportional Representation
Seats are allocated to parties in proportion to
the parties district voteshares; many seats per
district (M > 1)
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Proportional Representation
Seats are allocated to parties in proportion to
the parties district voteshares; many seats per
district (M > 1)
Party National Voteshare % Seats
Reds 40% ~40%
Greens 45% ~45%
Blues 10% ~10%
Purples 5% ~5%
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Proportional Representation
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Proportional Representation
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Proportional Representation
But dont forget the electoral threshold!
Proportional doesnt mean that everyone
gets a seat!
Party Voteshare Seats
AKP 34.3% 363
CHP 19.4% 178
DYP 9.5% 0
MHP 8.4% 0
GP 7.3% 0
DEHAP 6.2% 0
Other 15% 0
Turkey, 2002
Threshold = 10%
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Proportional Representation
If seats are allocated to parties, which
individualsget those seats?
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Proportional RepresentationClosed List: The partydetermines the order in
which candidates are
elected off of the ballot
(voters cannot change it)
Open List: Voters canvote for individual
candidates on that list and
affect which candidates
get elected off of it
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Proportional RepresentationClosed List: The partydetermines the order in
which candidates are
elected off of the ballot
(voters cannot change it)
Open List: Voters canvote for individual
candidates on that list and
affect which candidates
get elected off of it
The Red Partygets 4 seats in this district
Candidate Closed List Outcome Preference Votes Open List Outcome
Candidate A ELECTED 10,535 ELECTED
Candidate B ELECTED 4,353 NOT ELECTED
Candidate C ELECTED 6,008 ELECTED
Candidate D ELECTED 12,323 ELECTED
Candidate E NOT ELECTED 16,570 ELECTED
Candidate F NOT ELECTED 5,115 NOT ELECTED
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Turkey, June 2015 Closed List PR The ballot lists the names on each partys list, but the
voter can only choose between parties, not candidates
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Uruguay, 2004 Closed List PR Each party prints their
own ballot; voters handin the ballot that
corresponds to the party
they want to vote for
By handing in this ballot,you are saying I want to
elect thislist of names in
thisorder
The guy with themustache (center photo)
determines the order of
this ballot, and thus who
gets elected off of it
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South Africa, 1994 Closed List PR The lists of names arent even
mentioned on the ballot The photos on the right are
the party leaders (do you
recognize Mandela and de
Klerk?)
C l bi 2014
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Colombia, 2014 Open List PR Voters can vote
for individualcandidates (the
little boxes) In doing so, they
are both affecting
the number of
seats the party
gets, and
choosing which
candidates getthose seats
Alternatively,
voters can just
vote for the party
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Chile, 2013 Open List PR (technically)
Magnitude (M) = 2 Each alliance (list) presents two
candidates, from two different parties Voters mustvote for a candidate
Votes poolat the alliance level (list level)
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Mixed Systems
Some seats are elected through single-member districts,
some seats are allocated through proportional representation
Country # SMD Seats # PR Seats Total Seats
Germany 299 299 598
Mexico 300 200 500
Venezuela 110 52 162
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Germany, 2005
Mixed MemberProportional (MMP) District vote on the left;
PR vote on the right Voters cast district and
PR votes separately Split-ticket voting is
possible Proportional outcome
guaranteed (only the PRvote affects party seat-
share)
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Mexico, 2015 Mixed Member
Majoritarian (MMM) Voters cast district and
PR votes simultaneously The party that gets your
district vote also getsyour PR vote
Proportional outcome is
notguaranteed; parties
that do especially well inthe single member
districts can earn extra
seats
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Papers
Max: 95
Median: 89
Mean: 88.2
Min: 75
Per class policy, regrade
requests should be submitted inwriting by Friday, February 19.
The entire paper will be
regraded, and your grade cango either up or down.