Download - Weigh-in-Motion for Enforcement in Europe
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Authors:
Weigh-in-Motion forEnforcement in Europe
Hans van Loo
Bernard Jacob
IFSTTAR [email protected]
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2Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Table of Content
• Developments in WIM• Applications for Enforcement• Examples in Europe (Fr, NL, CZ)• Future Developments
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3Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
What is Weigh-In-Motion
• Weighing in Motion:• process of estimating the gross weight of a moving vehicle, and the
portion of that weight that is carried by each of its wheels or axles, by measurement and analysis of dynamic vehicle tyre forces
• WIM-System:• Sensors in or under the road, or attached to a bridge• Different sensing principles
• Additional Measurements:• Time, Speed, Axle Spacing, Vehicle Length, Vehicle Class
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4Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Developments in WIM <1990
• Focus on Sensor Development• Different sensing principles• More accurate sensors
• Focus on Infrastructure Applications• Pavement cracking and rutting• Effects on bridges
• National Projects• France, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, ...
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5Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Developments in WIM 1990-2000
• Focus on Sensor & System Development• More reliable sensors• Accuracy test for WIM systems• Multiple sensor (MS-)WIM and B-WIM
• First Tests for Enforcement• Combination with video (VID-WIM in NL)
• First International Projects• COST323 (Co-operative action, COST Transport)• WAVE (4th Framework Program Project)
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6Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Developments in WIM >2000
• Focus on Applications• Pavement and bridge loading (advanced methods)• Enforcement of overloading
• Development of WIM Systems• Further analysis of MS-WIM (array design, algorithms)• Bridge-WIM: commercial system marketed
• International Projects• Top Trial, REMOVE, FiWi• Foundation of ISWIM
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7Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM in 2013, Status Quo
• WIM is proven Technology• Accurate and reliable measurements are possible• Good installation and maintenance are essential• WIM ≠ No plug and play forever
• Current WIM Systems• National WIM Networks• Local, individual systems
• Main users• Road maintenance, enforcement, toll roads
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8Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Table of Content
• Developments in WIM• Applications to Enforcement• Examples in Europe (Fr, NL, CZ)• Future Developments
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9Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
• “Manual” Selection
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10Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
• Manual Selection• Statistics & Planning
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11Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
• Manual Selection• Statistics & Planning• Screening & Pre-selection
Waiting Area
communication
WIM-System
StaticWeighing
Area
TrafficSorting Point
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12Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
• Manual Selection• Statistics & Planning• Screening & Pre-selection• Preventive Actions
• Company profiling• In company checks
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13Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
• Manual Selection• Statistics & Planning• Screening & Pre-selection• Preventive Actions• Direct Enforcement
(In-)Accuracy
Record of Violation
Measure Axles/Vehicle
Measured Values
Substract (in)accuracy
Corrected Values
Calculate Overloading
Percentage Overloading
Limits / Categories
Enforcement Margin
Trigger Recording
Digital Picture(s)
YesNo
Combine DataDelete Data
Violation > Enf. Margin
Certified Equipment
Determine Vehicle Class
Vehicle Classification
Measurementby WIM
Fine forOverloading
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14Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications for Enforcement
Direct Enforcement Other Applications
Quality of each individual measurement - Max. permissible error - 100% of measurements (used)
Quality of average measurement - Mean error - Standard deviation
Evidence of vehicle identification
Indication of vehicle(s) involved
Performance certified by a notified body - Type approval + Initial verif.
Performance agreed between vendor & buyer - Acceptance test
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15Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Aspects of Overloading
• What is the overloading problem? (axle loads / gross vehicle weights)
• Which vehicles are overloaded? (Local / international / container / bulk materials / liquid tanks)
• Where does overloading occur? (highways / local roads)
• When are the peaks? (morning, evening, nights / week days or week-end)
• Who is responsible? (driver / transport company / shipper)
• Why is a truck overloaded? (by accident / structural)
• Etc...
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16Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Enforcement Mix
Enforcement:ManualLow VolumeSpecific
Enforcement:Automatic
High VolumeGeneral
Transport: Local
Roads: Secondary
Transport: International
Roads: Highways
Overloading
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17Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Applications of WIM
Application Pro’s Con’s
Manual Selection Flexibility for special situations
Low efficiency
Statistics & Planning More effective controls No identification of violators
Screening & Pre-selection
Efficient controls,Hit rate > 95%
Only local effects, Evasion possible
Preventive Actions Focus on compliance + Cheat companies
New way of working
Direct Enforcement Highly efficientHigh traffic volumes
Expensive systems,Not (yet) accepted
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18Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Enforcement Mix
Overloading
ManualSelection
Enforcement:ManualLow VolumeSpecific
Enforcement:Automatic
High VolumeGeneral
Transport: Local
Roads: Secondary
Planning &Statistics
Screening &Pre-selection
Preventive Actions
DirectEnforcement
Transport: (Inter-) National
Roads: High Ways
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19Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
LEGO Approach
• Manual Selection
• Statistics & Planning
• Pre-selection
• Problem Solving
• Direct Enforcement
WIM
WIM Camera
WIM Camera VehicleData Base
WIM+Camera Vehicle
Data Base
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20Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Table of Content
• Developments in WIM• Applications for Enforcement• Enforcement Mix• Examples in Europe (Fr, NL, CZ)• Future Developments
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21Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
• For pre-selection + company profiling
• 30 systems installed• motorways + highways• balanced by region• most > 2000
trucks/day• accuracy ≥ C(15)• 85 k€/system
WIM in France
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22Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM in France
2 camera: whole truck + license plate
2 WIM sensors
2 ind. loops
1 transverse location sensor
• 22 silhouettes of trucks• axle loads and gross weights• Speed (if implemented: mean
speed)• Axle distances + total length• Pictures of vehicles + license
plates (presumed violators only)• All recorded data (statistical +
violators’) → MoT(safe telecom network)
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23Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM in France
Main users• Enforcement departments of DREALs• Police, gendarmerie, customs• Ministry of Transport: DGITM/DST/TR4• Road and infrastructure
• Inter-regional road directorates: DIR• Motorway concessionary
• Research and technical public organizations• IFSTTAR (ex LCPC)• CETE, SETRA
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24Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM-NL Network• 20 WIM systems• Highways only• National coverage• Upgraded in 2012• Registration of:
• Loads + Weights• Vehicle Class• Licence Plates
WIM in the Netherlands
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25Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM-NL SystemWIM-NL System
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26Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM in the Netherlands
Users Application
Rijkswaterstaat(RWS)
Pavement LoadingDesign & Maintenance
Transport Inspectorate (IL&T)
Pre-SelectionCompany Profiling
Vehicle Authority(RDW)
Special Transports
Tax & Customs Administration
International Transports
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27Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
HS-WIM for Direct Enforcement• 2011, Tested by Czech Metrology Institute• Specification based on OIML, COST, ASTM, FiWi;• e.g. Max. errors
• Axle (group) Loads ±11%• Total Vehicle Mass ± 5%
• Tests for EMC, Physical robustness and Environmental influences
• 2012, Type Approved according to CZ-law (MoT)
WIM in the Czech Republic
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28Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
System Design• 2 rows of Kistler Lineas WIM sensors;• 2 Induction Loops;• 3 Accerometers;• 2 Temperature sensors• 1 Piezo sensor for detection of:
• Wheel position• Twin Tyres
• Used for Validation of measurement• If validation number too low rejection for enforcement
WIM in the Czech Republic
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29Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
WIM in the Czech Republic
Registration of:• Location• Type and number of sensor• Axle Loads, Axle Group Loads
and Total Mass• Measured and Permitted values
• Number of Axles• Speed• Licence Plate• Registration number
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30Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Table of Content
• Developments in WIM• Applications for Enforcement• Examples in Europe (Fr, NL, CZ)• Future Developments
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31Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Needs for the Future
• Overloading is an global issue• Enforcement needs to be Regional/International (EU)• Need for International data exchange (EU)• International acceptance of WIM data• Need for International harmonization
• Specifications & Test procedures• Data format• Certification & Legal Acceptance
• Need for direct/automated enforcement?
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32Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Needs for the Future
• Benefits are global• Research is time consuming and expensive• Resources are limited• Need for International cooperation
• Coordination of research• Data exchange• Exchange of experience• International Standard
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33Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Needs for the Future
Issue Advantage Challenge
Stronger, more robust Sensors
Longer life span Sensor development
Guaranteed quality of WIM data
Allows International exchange of data
EU Standard in process
Multiple applications and users
Sharing of required investments
Cooperation between organisations
Preventive actions / Company profiling
Focus on compliance Introduction of a new way of working
Direct enforcement Highly efficient controls
EU Standard and procedures to be done
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34Developments in Weigh-In-MotionWorkshop WIM for Enforcement
Needs for the Future
Issue Challenge Main Actors
Stronger, more robust sensors
Sensor development WIM Industry
Guaranteed quality of WIM data
EU Standard and procedures
Certification bodies + Technical centers
Multiple applications and users
Cooperation between organisations
Users (Enforcement + road maintenance)
Preventive actions / Company profiling
Introduction of a new way of working
Governments, enforcement officers
Direct enforcement EU Standard and procedure tbd
Certification bodies + Technical centers